Fig 1.
Combat simulation setting.
Fig 2.
Gas analyser placement during the combat.
Table 1.
Cardiorespiratory and blood lactate responses to the simulated taekwondo combat (n = 12).
Fig 3.
Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake () profiles during the combat simulation.
Mean values (± standard deviation) of and HR, sampled 20 seconds (HR averaged every 20s) across the simulation. p–Significance level for interactions, calculated with repeated measures ANOVA (time x round, or time x interval), and ES (effect size) was calculated with Cohen’s f.
Fig 4.
Percentage of time spent in specific heart rate intensity zones during the combat simulation.
Significant differences confirmed in Friedman test, with Dunn post-hoc (p<0.05). a Denotes significant different from the 95–100% zone. b Denotes significant different from the 90–94% zone. d Denotes significant different from the 80–84% zone. e Denotes significant different from the <80% zone.
Table 2.
Time-motion analysis of competition matches and combat simulations (n = 10).