Table 1.
Glossary.
Fig 1.
Examples of passive and active forest recovery worldwide.
(a) Three-year-old natural regeneration in a dry forest site in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico that was previously used for shifting agriculture; (b) a ~12-year-old natural regeneration in former agricultural land in central Spain; (c) a 300-ha, 6-year-old site in the Atlantic forest of Brazil restored by planting >60 species of trees; (d) a ~7-year-old former coal mine in Queensland Australia restored to a eucalypt woodland by recontouring topography, seeding and planting native species, and fertilizing. Photo credits: (a)–Martha Bonilla-Moheno, (b)—José M. Rey Benayas; (c)–Karen Holl, and (d)–Carl Grant.
Fig 2.
(a) Geographic distribution of studies. (b) Number of studies using passive or different active restoration actions as a function of the main past land-use types. Numbers of response variables in each category are indicated in parentheses.
Fig 3.
Recovery completeness over time in all forest restoration studies.
(a) Abundance, (b) diversity and (c) biogeochemical functions separated by the explanatory factors that explained the most variation in recovery completeness according to model averaging. Colored lines illustrate means and shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals of predicted recovery values based on models. Confidence intervals overlapping the black dashed lines indicate full recovery. Circles at time 0 indicate the mean degraded value before restoration started calculated from raw data. Small dots represent raw data. Note log scale for time since restoration on x-axis. See ‘Materials and methods’ for modeling details.
Fig 4.
Recovery completeness of different life forms and biogeochemical functions after the three past land-use types.
(a) Abundance and (b) diversity of different life forms, and (c) biogeochemical functions. Number of response variables and studies in each category are indicated in parentheses.
Fig 5.
Recovery completeness in actively and passively restored former agricultural sites over time.
(a) Abundance, (b) diversity, and (c) biogeochemical functions. Colored lines illustrate means and shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals of predicted recovery values based on models. Confidence intervals overlapping the black dashed lines indicate full recovery. Circles at time 0 indicate the mean degraded value before restoration started calculated from raw data. Small dots represent raw data. Note log scale for time since restoration on x-axis. See ‘Materials and methods‘ for modeling details.