Fig 1.
Map of Europe highlighting Hungary and Georgia and the locations of sites with modified crania.
Table 1.
Materials used in the study.
Fig 2.
Cranial outline showing bregma and lambda and straight line demarcating cranial base.
Fig 3.
Eigenshape (ES) 1 and 2 showing scatter of cranial outlines with convex hulls demarcating each group, shape changes along the first and second morphospaces, and example crania demonstrating the variance.
Fig 4.
Ternary plot of the first three eigenshapes showing clustering pattern of crania.
Fig 5.
Georgian cranium used in this study demonstrating the effect of the annular form of modification, with several circular bandages resulting in a tall, vertical cranial profile.
The orientation of the cranium is that used in the eigenshape analysis in this study.
Fig 6.
Georgian cranium used in this study demonstrating the annular form of modification, with several circular bandages resulting in an oblique cranial profile.
The orientation of the cranium is that used in the eigenshape analysis in this study.
Fig 7.
Hungarian cranium used in this study demonstrating the two bandage technique of annular modification.
In addition to the circular bandages, a vertical bandage in the region of the bregma restricts cranial height and results in a bregmatic depression. The orientation of the cranium is that used in the eigenshape analysis in this study.
Fig 8.
Histograms depicting the eigenscores of Georgian, Hungarian and modern crania on ES1 and ES2.
Fig 9.
Box-and-whisker plots showing eigenshape scores for the Georgian, Hungarian and modern crania on ES1 and ES2.
Table 2.
Classification accuracy from discriminant analysis of cranial outline.
Fig 10.
Eigenscores for the frontal outline plotted on ES1 and ES2 with convex hulls highlighting each group, also showing shape changes along the first and second morphospaces, and example crania demonstrating the variance.
Fig 11.
Eigenscores for the parietal outline plotted on ES1 and ES2 with convex hulls highlighting each group, also showing shape changes along the first and second morphospaces, and example crania demonstrating the variance.
Fig 12.
Eigenscores for the occipital outline plotted on ES1 and ES2 with convex hulls highlighting each group, also showing shape changes along the first and second morphospaces, and example crania demonstrating the variance.
Fig 13.
Histogram depicting the frequency of eigenscores on ES1 for the Georgian and Hungarian crania on frontal, parietal and occipital segments.
Fig 14.
Box-and-whisker plots showing ES1 scores for the Georgian and Hungarian crania in frontal, parietal and occipital segments.
Table 3.
Classification accuracy from discriminant analysis of frontal, parietal and occipital outlines.