Fig 1.
Simulated radiographs views and three-dimensional simulation of the reconstruction.
(a), (b): Simulated radiographs anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views, Boundary radial–volar (Brv) line was parallel to the screw axis within the scaphoid was maximized (MSL)/cylinder (MSL/CYL) and lateral view, tangential to the mid- scaphoid curve. The radial–dorsal boundary (Brd), the ulnar–volar boundary (Buv), and the ulnar–dorsal boundary (Bud) were constructed and simulated using the same method. (c): Three-dimensional simulation of the reconstruction.
Fig 2.
(a) Axillary view. Original radial boundary (dotted line) was translated toward the ulnar side (yellow arrow). Red dot shows the axis point. (b) Axis projection view. Figure shows the risk zone (RZ), including the RD, UD, RV, and UV quadrants. The safe zone (SZ) is denoted by the green area. Blue lines mark the boundaries. (c) Screw cross-section view. Circles represent the cross-section of the screw, and purple areas represent the trajectory of the screw. We could not accurately identify the screw’s position when it was perpendicular on AP radiographs.
Fig 3.
Horizontal plane(red), sagittal plane(green) and coronal plane(blue).
Table 1.
Proportions of perforation.
Fig 4.
Mean ratio of different risk zones (RZs).
(a): Mean ratio of different risk zones (RZs) with screw arising from the screw axis within the scaphoid was maximized (MSL)/cylinder (MSL/CYL) axis. (b): Mean ratio of different RZs with K-wire arising from the MSL/CYL axis.
Table 2.
Volar axial view of X-ray projection (MSL axis).
Table 3.
Dorsal axial view of X-ray projection(CYL axis).
Fig 5.
Axial view was obtained by tilting the C-arm of the fluoroscope.
(a): Volar axial view of the X-ray projection (MSL axis). (b): Dorsal axial view of the X-ray projection (CYL axis).