Fig 1.
HMIPv6 network architecture.
Fig 2.
PMIPv6 network architecture.
Fig 3.
Signaling when a mobile node connects to PMIPv6.
Fig 4.
Signaling in a mobile node handoff.
Fig 5.
PMIPv6 network architecture for IP-based Internet of Things.
Fig 6.
Overlap Function.
Fig 7.
Proposed concept of virtual interface.
Fig 8.
Proxy binding update message.
Fig 9.
Preference change according to movement of the mobile node.
Fig 10.
Operation flowchart according to the movement of a mobile node.
Fig 11.
Message flow.
Fig 12.
Case of the movement of a mobile node.
Table 1.
Handoff difference between PMIPv6 and the proposed scheme when MN is moving.
Fig 13.
Case of the movement of a mobile node.
Fig 14.
Signal Cost for Velocity.
Fig 15.
Signal Cost for Radius.
Fig 16.
Packet Delivery Cost for Session Arrival Rate.
Fig 17.
Packet Delivery Cost for Indirect Path Routing Ratio.
Fig 18.
Packet Tunneling Cost for Session Arrival Rate.
Fig 19.
Packet Tunneling Cost for Indirect Path Routing Ratio.
Fig 20.
Total Cost for Session-to-Mobility Ratio (ω = 2, λs = 1.2).
Fig 21.
Total Cost for Session-to-Mobility Ratio (ω = 1, λs = 0.2).