Table 1.
Observed frequency (in %, N = 1719 trials) and brief description of all sagittal, coronal, and transverse plane joint motion patterns defined during the consensus study.
Fig 1.
Example of summarized presentation of SPM results.
Upper graph shows the mean kinematic hip angle in the sagittal plane of trials classified as ‘no or minor gait deviations’ (HS0) or ‘hip extension deficit’ (HS1). Middle graph shows SPM {t} statistic as a function of the gait cycle. The critical threshold (t*) was exceeded between 0–12%, 20–71%, and 76–86% of the gait cycle. Lower black bars represent a simplified visualization of the significant areas indicated by the SPM{t} statistic.
Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of CP (n = 356) and TD (n = 56) children.
Fig 2.
Each graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait versus the pattern ‘no or minor gait deviations’ at the level of each joint, except for the pelvis in the transverse plane (no significant differences).
Black bars indicate gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold.
Fig 3.
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the foot progression angle. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.003). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the stance phase.
Fig 4.
Hip in the transverse plane (HT).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the hip in the transverse plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.003). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle.
Fig 5.
Pelvis in the sagittal plane (PS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the pelvis in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.0006). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle, P2 the second cluster.
Fig 6.
Pelvis in the coronal plane (PC).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the pelvis in the coronal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.002). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 7.
Pelvis in the transverse plane (PT).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the pelvis in the transverse plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.002). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 8.
Hip in the sagittal plane (HS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the hip in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.003). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 9.
Knee during swing in the sagittal plane (KSWS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the knee during swing in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.0006). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the swing phase, P2 the second cluster.
Fig 10.
Knee during stance in the sagittal plane (KSTS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the knee during stance in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.0005). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the stance phase, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 11.
Ankle during stance in the sagittal plane (ASTS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the ankle during stance in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.001). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the stance phase, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 12.
Ankle during swing in the sagittal plane (ASWS).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the ankle during swing in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.002). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the swing phase, P2 the second cluster.
Fig 13.
Hip in the coronal plane (HC).
Top graph shows the mean kinematic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the hip in the coronal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.002). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the gait cycle, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 14.
Hip in the sagittal plane (HS).
Top graph shows the mean kinetic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the hip in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.003). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the stance phase, P2 the second cluster, etc.
Fig 15.
Knee during stance in the sagittal plane (KSTS).
Top graph shows the mean kinetic angle of TD gait and of each consensus-based pattern of the knee during stance in the sagittal plane. Black bars indicate significant gait phases during which the SPM{t} statistic exceeded the critical threshold. Panel (a) shows results of hypothesis 2 (i.e. unpaired t-tests, α = 0.01); panel (b) shows results of hypothesis 3 (i.e. post-hoc unpaired t-tests, α = 0.0005). * p<0.01, ** p<0.001, *** p<0.00001. P1 indicates the p-value of the first cluster during the stance phase, P2 the second cluster, etc.