Fig 1.
Distribution of affective ratings.
The figure shows the kernel smooth density plot for mean affective ratings in older participants (solid lines). The distributions of affective ratings in younger participants from our previous affective norms [11] are also shown (dashed lines) for comparison.
Fig 2.
Distribution of the stimuli in the affective space of valence and arousal.
The scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian adaptation of the ANEW in the valence and arousal affective dimensions, along with the quadratic regression line (in dark gray) and the linear regression lines for arousal as predicted by valence above (in green) and below (in red) the median of the rating scale.
Fig 3.
Distribution of the stimuli in the affective space of valence and dominance.
The scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian adaptation of the ANEW in the valence and dominance affective dimensions, along with the quadratic regression line (in dark gray) and the linear regression lines for dominance as predicted by valence above (in green) and below (in red) the median of the rating scale.
Fig 4.
Distribution of the stimuli in the affective space of dominance and arousal.
The scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian adaptation of the ANEW in the dominance and arousal affective dimensions, along with the quadratic regression line (in dark gray) and the linear regression lines for arousal as predicted by dominance above (in cyan) and below (in magenta) the median of the rating scale.
Fig 5.
Age-related differences in the distribution of stimuli in the valence by arousal affective space.
Each scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian affective norms in the valence (x-axis) and arousal (y-axis) affective dimensions in both older and younger participants (left and right panel, respectively). In each panel, the colored points shown in the eight external scatterplots represent the words for which a significant difference was found between older and younger adults’ ratings in the valence and/or the arousal dimension, whereas the grey points represent the remaining words. Specifically, the scatterplots along the horizontal and vertical midlines of each panel show, respectively, the words for which the older adults’ ratings differed from the younger ones in either the valence (green and red: higher and lower valence ratings, respectively) or the arousal dimension (yellow and blue: higher and lower arousal, respectively), whereas the scatterplots located in the four corners show the words for which the older and younger adults’ ratings differed in both dimensions (see the text for details). To better illustrate the general pattern of differences between older and younger adults’ ratings in the affective space, the central scatterplot shows all the words showing a significant age-dependent difference (the color code was the same as in the other scatterplots).
Fig 6.
Age-related differences in the distribution of stimuli in the valence by dominance affective space.
Each scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian affective norms in the valence (x-axis) and dominance (y-axis) affective dimensions in both older and younger participants (left and right panel, respectively), In each panel, the colored points shown in the eight external scatterplots represent the words for which a significant difference was found between older and younger adults’ ratings in the valence and/or the dominance dimension, whereas the grey points represent the remaining words. Specifically, the scatterplots along the horizontal and vertical midlines of each panel show, respectively, the words for which the older adults’ ratings differed from the younger ones in either the valence (green and red: higher and lower valence ratings, respectively) or the dominance dimension (yellow and blue: higher and lower dominance, respectively), whereas the scatterplots located in the four corners show the words for which the older and younger adults’ ratings differed in both dimensions (see the text for details). To better illustrate the general pattern of differences between older and younger adults’ ratings in the affective space, the central scatterplot shows all the words showing a significant age-dependent difference (the color code was the same as in the other scatterplots).
Fig 7.
Age-related differences in the distribution of stimuli in the dominance by arousal affective space.
Each scatterplot shows the mean values for all words of the Italian affective norms in the dominance (x-axis) and arousal (y-axis) affective dimensions in both older and younger participants (left and right panel, respectively), In each panel, the colored points shown in the eight external scatterplots represent the words for which a significant difference was found between older and younger adults’ ratings in the dominance and/or the arousal dimension, whereas the grey points represent the remaining words. Specifically, the scatterplots along the horizontal and vertical midlines of each panel show, respectively, the words for which the older adults’ ratings differed from the younger ones in either the dominance (green and red: higher and lower dominance ratings, respectively) or the arousal dimension (yellow and blue: higher and lower arousal, respectively), whereas the scatterplots located in the four corners show the words for which the older and younger adults’ ratings differed in both dimensions (see the text for details). To better illustrate the general pattern of differences between older and younger adults’ ratings in the affective space, the central scatterplot shows all the words showing a significant age-dependent difference (the color code was the same as in the other scatterplots).