Fig 1.
Sampling locations in Laos, Myanmar, and Singapore.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of the overall water analysis.
Table 1.
The analysis of physicochemical water quality variables from treated and untreated samples in Laos, Myanmar, and Singapore.
Fig 3.
Morphological observations of trophozoite and cyst.
(A,E) Acanthamoeba trophozoite, (C,G) Acanthamoeba cyst, (B,F) Hartmannella trophozoite, (D,H) Hartmannella cyst under light microscope (LiM) and (I) Acanthamoeba cyst, (J) Hartmannella cyst under epifluorescencce microscope (EpM). (A, LiM X 400; E, LiM X 400) Acanthamoeba trophozoites showing typical eruptive pseudopodia/lobopodia with no stain (A) and Giemsa stain (E) (C, LiM X 400; G, LiM X 400) A single Acanthamoeba cyst showing smooth ectocyst and endocyst with no stain (C) and Giemsa stain (G) (B, LiM X 400; F, LiM X 400) Vermamoeba trophozoite with no stain (B) and Giemsa stain (F) (D, LiM X 400; H, LiM X 400) Rounded form of Vermamoeba cyst with no stain (D) and Giemsa stain (H) (I, EpM X 400; J, EpM X 400) Triangular shape of Acanthamoeba cyst (I) and rounded form of Vermamoeba cyst (J) with immunofluorescence stain.
Table 2.
The occurrence of pathogenic FLA via microscopic examination and PCR in Laos, Myanmar, and Singapore.
Table 3.
Pathogenic FLA isolated from selected Southeast Asian countries.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic free-living Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from various types of water sources in selected Southeast Asian countries.
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic free-living Vermamoeba vermiformis isolated from various types of water sources in selected Southeast Asian countries.