Fig 1.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on the body weight of adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, SAL+LPS vs. SAL+SAL; #p < 0.05, SAL+LPS vs. PPF+LPS; +p < 0.05, SAL+SAL vs. PPF+SAL (two-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 2.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on the open-field behaviors in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). ***p < 0.001, SAL+LPS vs. SAL+SAL; #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01, SAL+LPS vs. PPF+LPS; ++p < 0.01, SAL+SAL vs. PPF+SAL (two-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 3.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on the light-dark test in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 4.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on the forced-swim test in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 5.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on TNF-α and BDNF plasma levels in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 6.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on central glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Photomicrographs of the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus analyzed by immunohistochemistry in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4.
Fig 7.
Effects of LPS (1 mg/kg/day) and propentofylline (12.5 mg/kg/day) on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus, analyzed by immunohistochemistry in adult male rats. SAL+SAL, saline injection at days 1–5 and another saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4; SAL+LPS, saline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+LPS, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and LPS injection 1 h later at days 3–4; PPF+SAL, propentofylline injection at days 1–5 and saline injection 1 h later at days 3–4 (n = 10 per group). *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.