Table 1.
Ceratopogonidae in Cambay amber, deposited in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History.
Abbreviations: H = holotype, P = paratype.
Fig 1.
Female of Eohelea indica n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber, holotype female, no. Tad-855.
A. Antenna, pedicel and flagellomeres 1–13 (f1-f13). B. Tarsus of fore leg. C. Tibial comb of hind leg. D. Tarsus of mid leg. E. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg. F. Wing.
Fig 2.
Females of Gedanohelea gerdesorum n. sp. and Eohelea indica n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber.
A. Habitus of G. gerdesorum, holotype no. Tad-857. B. Radial sector of G. gerdesorum with thickening of radial vein R3, holotype no. Tad-857. C. Habitus of G. gerdesorum, paratype no. Tad-513. D. Habitus of Eohelea indica, holotype no. Tad-855. E. Left wing and mid leg of Eohelea indica, holotype no. Tad-855. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Fig 3.
Female of Gedanohelea gerdesorum n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber.
A. Flagellomeres 1–13 (f1-f13), paratype no. Tad-513. B. Wing, holotype no. Tad-857 C. Palpus, paratype no. Tad-513. D. Tarsus of fore leg, paratype no. Tad-513. E. Tarsus of mid leg, holotype no. Tad-857. F. Tarsus of mid leg, paratype no. Tad-513. G. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg, paratype no. Tad-513.
Fig 4.
Meunierohelea cambayana n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber, holotype male, no. Tad-507.
A. Antenna, flagellomeres (f1-f13). B. Tibia and tarsus of mid leg. C. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg. D. Part of radial sector of wing. E. Male genitalia, ventral view.
Fig 5.
Meunierohelea cambayana n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber, holotype male, no. Tad-507.
A. Habitus. B. Flagellum. C. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg. D. Radial sector of wing with cell r1. E. Male genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars A: 0.5 mm, B-D: 0.2 mm, E: 0.1 mm.
Fig 6.
Meunierohelea borkenti n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber, holotype male, no. Tad-516.
A. Antenna, flagellomeres (f1-f13). B. Genitalia, dorsal view. C. Wing. D. Tarsus of mid leg. E. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg.
Fig 7.
Males of Meunierohelea borkenti n. sp. (holotype, Tad-516) and Meunierohelea orientalis n. sp. (holotype, Tad-858 a) from early Eocene Cambay amber.
A. M. borkenti n. sp., antenna. B. M. borkenti n. sp., habitus. C. M. orientalis n. sp., habitus D. M. borkenti n. sp., wing. E. M. orientalis n. sp., wing. Scale bars A: 0.2 mm, B, C: 0.5 mm, D, E: 0.3 mm.
Fig 8.
Meunierohelea orientalis n. sp. from early Eocene Cambay amber, holotype male, no. Tad-858a.
A. Antenna, pedicel and flagellomeres (f1-f13). B. Genitalia, ventral view. C. Wing. D. Tarsus of fore leg. E. Tarsus of mid leg. F. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg.
Table 2.
Ecology of female adults and larvae of Ceratopogonidae genera found in Cambay amber.
Fig 9.
Relationships of select extant and fossil Ceratopogonidae genera (compiled from data after [28, 59, 60, 63]).
Dashed lines in the cladogram refer to extinct taxa, solid lines to extant taxa. ## refers to genera in tribes different than Ceratopogonini (Heteromyiini, Hebetulini, Johannsenomyiini, Sphaeromiini, Palpomyiini and Stenoxenini).
Table 3.
Distribution of select extant and fossil Ceratopogonidae genera (data after [2,5]).
Abbreviations: Ne: Nearctic Region; Nt: Neotropic Region; Pal: Palaearctic Region; Af: Afrotropical Region; OR: Oriental Region; Aus: Australia; Mad: Madagascar; NZ: New Zealand; Ca: Cambay amber; Fu: Fushun amber; Ba: Baltic amber.
Fig 10.
Plate tectonic history of the Indian subcontinent from the Late Cretaceous to Present and distribution of select biting midge taxa (maps modified after data supplied by “Global Paleogeography and Tectonics in Deep Time 2016 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.”).
A. Late Cretaceous. B. Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. Dashed lines showing possible dispersal routes between India and Africa/Asia (Oman-Kohistan-Dras Island Arc, summarized in Chatterjee & Scotese [5]). C. Early Eocene. Circles and hexagon showing fossil (†) genera of Gedanohelea, Mantohelea and Eohelea in Eocene ambers. Abbreviations: Ba = amber from the Baltic Region, Ca = Cambay amber, Fu = Fushun amber, Sa = Sakhalin amber. D. Present. Circles and hexagon showing fossil (†) genera in Eocene ambers and recent representatives of Meunierohelea and Camptopterohelea.