Table 1.
List of 11 agronomic, yield and yield related characters that were measured across 12 possible trial locations for the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 population.
Table 2.
Barley orthologs of the rice heterotrimeric G protein γ-subunits.
Fig 1.
Structure of the HvDep1 gene and the encoded polypeptide.
(A) Graphic representation of the barley whole genome shotgun contig bowman_contig_881907 comprising the HvDep1 coding sequence. 500-bp intervals are indicated with vertical bars. The coding sequence is shown as black boxes. The HvDep1 coding sequence consists of five exons and four introns. The ari-e mutant lines cv. Golden Promise and BW043 (ari-e.GP) show an insertion of a single nucleotide in exon 2 after bp 1508, and lines ari-e.39, ari-e.156 and ari-e.166 show a nucleotide exchange in exon 3 at bp 2007 after the ATG start codon (details shown in Table 3). (B) Putative functional domains in the 295 amino-acid HvDEP1 protein. Using TMPRED (ch.embnet.org/software/TMPRED_form.html) and PROSITE (expasy.ch/prosite) a transmembrane domain, a putative tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ⁄ nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) family cysteine-rich signature and von Willebrand factor type C (VWFC) cysteine-rich modules were predicted for HvDEP1. In a previous study [7] the Arabidopsis AGG3 γ-subunit was predicted to contain similar domains.
Table 3.
Description of breviaristatum-e (ari-e) mutant lines.
Fig 2.
Phenotype of barley breviaristatum-e (ari-e).
(A) Comparison of overall plant height between the wild type cv. Bowman (left) and ari-e.1 mutant NIL BW042 (right); scale bar: 10 cm (B) Spikes of barley lines Bowman, BW042 (ari-e.1), Maythorpe, Golden Promise (from left to right). Mutant lines are characterized by reduced awn length. (C) Seed shape of cvs. Maythorpe (left) and Golden Promise (right). (D) Gross morphology in the vegetative phase (from left to right: Bowman, BW042 (ari-e.1), Maythorpe, Golden Promise). Mutant lines appear more upright due to narrow leaf angles; scale bar: 10 cm.
Fig 3.
Phenotype of ari-e mutant lines in a cv. Foma genetic background.
Barley lines Foma (A), ari-e.119 (B), ari-e.156 (C), ari-e.166 (D), ari-e.178 (E), ari-e.222 (F), ari-e.228 (G) during the vegetative growth phase when grown in the greenhouse. All pictures show three plants in one pot sown on the same day. Only ari-e.119, ari-e.156 and ari-e.166 show the characteristic erect phenotype of ari-e mutants and mutations in HvDep1 were only found in these lines. Scale bar: 10 cm
Fig 4.
QTL profiles for 12 agronomic and yield related characters for chromosome 5H from the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 map.
QTL profiles for 12 agronomic and yield related characters for chromosome 5H from the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 map. The position of the Ari-e/Dep1 locus is indicated by the solid vertical arrow and the flanking SNP markers by vertical dashed arrows. BOPA1 SNPs 11_20265 and 11_20392 are placed at position 48.38 cM in the barley draft assembly [31]. The significance threshold (3.4) for a QTL in this population is indicated by the straight dashed horizontal line. SPW: Single Plant Weight of grain; TGW: Thousand Grain Weight; Spec_WT: specific grain weight [kg/hl]; MSW: Main Stem Weight, weight of grain from the tallest tiller of plants.
Table 4.
Phenotype of field grown ari-e mutant lines in comparison to the respective mother cultivar.
Fig 5.
Grain yield measured in field trials in Denmark.
Values obtained for (A) grain number per plant and (B) grain weight per plant from field grown lines (summer 2014 in Denmark). The number of individuals considered for each line is given in Table 4. T-tests were performed to test for significant differences between respective wild type and mutant lines. Statistically significant differences are indicated by asterisks within the figure (threshold: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). Average values concerning grain number per plant and grain weight per plant respectively were 49.4% and 40.3% for BW042 and 51.7% and 39.7% for BW043 in comparison to Bowman and 81.6% and 66.7% for Golden Promise in comparison to Maythorpe.
Fig 6.
Complementation of ari-e in Golden Promise with full length and truncated forms of HvDep1.
(A) and (B) Phenotype of Golden Promise, carrying the ari-e.GP loss-of-function allele, compared to (C) and (D) Golden Promise full-length pUBI:HvDep1 transformants and (E) and (F) Golden Promise pUBI: HvDep1Δ152 transformants. In the later, only the first 152 amino-acid residues of HvDEP1 are translated. Plants with the pUBI: HvDep1Δ152 transformation developed very few spikes and no fertile seeds.