Fig 1.
Representative micrographs illustrating NVCM exposed to PE alone or with probiotics.
The control NVCM were either untreated, or co-cultured with MRS broth. Original magnification = 20×.
Fig 2.
L. rhamnosus GR-1 inhibits PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.
A: The NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with GR-1 (n = 5). PE + GR-1 = GR-1 bacteria in PBS; HK GR-1 = GR-1 bacteria heat killed. B: The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated (control) cells, following 24 hour co-culture with GR-1 (n = 5). C, D: The fold change in gene expression of ANP (C) and aSKA (D) in NVCM (n = 3) respectively. Unless otherwise stated, all volumes of GR-1 treatments were 50 μL (1 x 109 CFU/mL stock culture). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared to all other treatments. *P < 0.05 compared to PE + MRS broth. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.
Fig 3.
L. plantarum 299v and S salivarius K12 inhibits PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.
A: The NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 5). B: The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated cells, following 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 5). C, D: The fold change in gene expression of ANP (C) and aSKA (D) compared to untreated NVCM after 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 3). All volumes of 299v and K12 treatments were 50 μL (1 x 109 CFU/mL stock culture). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared to all other treatments. +P < 0.05 compared to MRS broth. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.
Fig 4.
L. rhamnosus GR-1 MSP-1 knock out strain CMPG10200 inhibits PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.
A. The NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with CMPG10200 (n = 5). B. The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated cells, following 24 hour co-culture with CMPG10200 (n = 5). All volumes of CMPG treatments were 50 μL (1 x 109 CFU/mL stock culture). **P<0.01 compared to all other treatments. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.
Fig 5.
PCM inhibits the PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.
A. NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with various PCM treatments (n = 5). B: The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated cells, following 24 hour co-culture with various PCM treatments (n = 5). C, D: The fold change in gene expression of ANP (C) and aSKA (D) compared to untreated NVCM after 24 hour co-culture with various PCM treatments (n = 3). Unless otherwise stated, all PCM volumes were 50 μL. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared to all other treatments. #P < 0.05 compared to PE + MRS broth. ×P < 0.05 compared to PE + Tryp GR-1 PCM. Error bars indicate the standard deviation. HD denotes heat denatured.