Fig 1.
Schematic illustration of the hierarchical structure of a tree and the interaction between cellulose nanofibers and cement particles.
(a) The hierarchical structure of celluloses. (b) A network of cellulose nanofibers and cement formed with carboxyl groups and cement hydrates.
Fig 2.
The morphology of cellulose nanofibers and the effect of CNFs on early hydration of cement particles.
(a) Size distribution of CNFs; (b) TEM image of CNFs; (c) Heat flow curves of CNF-cement pastes for the first 72 hrs’ hydration; (d) Scheme of CNFs promoting the setting of the cement paste by coordination with Ca2+.
Table 1.
Water consistency and initial and final setting times for cement pastes.
Fig 3.
The flexural (a) and compressive (b) strengths of cement pastes with different CNF fractions addition at aging times of 3, 7, and 28 days.
Fig 4.
DTA-TGA results of cement pastes with different CNF weight fractions from 100 to 800°C.
Table 2.
WCH and Wb contained per gram cement paste with different CNF weight fractions.
Table 3.
Degree of hydration of cement pastes at different aging times.
Fig 5.
The microstructure of cement pastes after aging 28 days.
(a) SEM image of the cement paste. (b) SEM image of cement paste with 0.15% of CNFs; (c) and (d) Pore diameter distributions of cement pastes with different CNF content.
Table 4.
The effect of CNFs addition on the pore structure.
Fig 6.
The relationship between mechanical strength (flexural strength and compressive strength) and DOH.