Fig 1.
Brain activation for each task in each language.
Chinese reading, English reading, Chinese writing, English writing, and the overlap between reading and writing in Chinese and English in the English L1 participants.
Table 1.
Overlap between reading and writing for each language in English L1 participants.
Fig 2.
Task effect in each language, and the conjunction between the two languages.
Brain activation for reading greater than writing is in red and writing greater than reading is in blue.
Table 2.
Brain regions that are activated in the comparison between reading and writing for English, Chinese and both in English L1 participants.
Fig 3.
Language effect for each task, and the conjunction between the two tasks.
Brain activation for English greater than Chinese is in red and Chinese greater than English is in blue.
Table 3.
Brain activation for the language difference on the reading task, writing task and both in the English L1 participants.
Fig 4.
Overlap between Chinese greater than English and writing greater than reading.
The results are presented for all Chinese characters, Chinese characters learned in the character-writing condition and characters learned in the pinyin-writing condition for the English L1 participants. Bar graph shows the brain activation at the left middle frontal gyrus at (-50, 2, 28) in each task for characters learned in either character-writing or pinyin-writing and for English words. *** indicates significance at p < .001. Error bars indicate standard errors.
Table 4.
Overlap between the language effect and task effect for all characters, characters learned in the character-writing condition and characters learned in the pinyin-writing condition for English L1 participants.
Fig 5.
ROI analysis at the left middle frontal gyrus in the Chinese L1 group.
Chinese L1 participants also showed greater activation for Chinese than for English at this ROI centered at (-50, 2, 28). * indicates significance at p < .05. Error bars indicate standard errors.
Fig 6.
ROI analysis at the bilateral superior temporal gyri in the Chinese L1 group.
The center is at (-58, -66, 16) for the left STG and at (62, -56, 12) for the right STG. Chinese L1 participants showed greater activation for English than for Chinese at these two regions. * indicates significance at p < .1. Error bars indicate standard errors.