Fig 1.
Effect of Andosan™ on the proliferation of Caco-2 cell line in vitro.
Various concentrations of Andosan™ (0.5%–5.0%) were added to the culture medium and viability was assessed after 96 h. Results are expressed as mean ± SD in percentage of proliferation relative Caco-2 cells cultured without Andosan™ (= 100%) and represent 3 independent experiments. Ctr: control.
Fig 2.
Andosan™ induces apoptosis in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells were treated for 96 h with 1.0% or 5.0% Andosan™. Binding of annexin V was used as marker for apoptosis and 7-AAD as marker for late apoptosis (necrosis). The results are expressed as mean ± SD and represent 3 independent experiments. Ctr: control.
Fig 3.
The effect of Andosan™ on the development of tumors in small intestine and colon in A/J Min/+ mice.
Andosan™ (10%) was added or not (control) in drink water to A/J Min/+ mice (n = 46) for 22 weeks, when the animals were killed and their intestines were examined by microscopy. Both the number of tumors (top panel) and the tumor load (# tumors x size) was lower in the Andosan™ relative to the control group.
Fig 4.
Representative sections showing overall higher expression of legumain (diffuse yellowish fluorescence staining) in the untreated (A) versus the Andosan™-treated (B) intestine.
Notably, legumain expression was higher in tumor tissue seen in untreated animals. Scale bars represent 200 μm.
Table 1.
The Effect of Treatment with Andosan on Cytokine Values and Tumor Counts.