Fig 1.
Oilseed rape fields for collecting earthworm casts in this study.
(a) An earthworm in root-adhering soil of oilseed rape and (b) a pile of earthworm casts in an oilseed rape field.
Table 1.
Chemical properties of soil and earthworm casts used in this study.
Fig 2.
Effects of addition of earthworm casts on SPAD values in flag leaves in rice.
EC0, soil only; EC1, soil: earthworm casts = 4: 1 (w/w). Data are the means across two N rates. Vertical bars represent SE (n = 6).
Table 2.
Effects of addition of earthworm casts on yield attributes in rice under two N rates.
Table 3.
Effects of addition of earthworm casts on N uptake and physiological N-use efficiency in rice under two N rates.
Table 4.
Effects of addition of earthworm casts on fate of fertilizer-N applied to rice under two N rates.