Table 1.
Prices paid to participants at various levels of illegal rhino horn supply chains from 2006 to 2014.
Table 2.
Asian population estimates noted during 2010 and predicted up to 2040.
From [29].
Fig 1.
Conceptual graph of how events flow through the economic-ecological model through time.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of the economic-ecological model.
How the agent-based economic sub-model interacts with the individual-based ecological sub-model is detailed.
Table 3.
Number of rhinos poached and rhino horn retail prices.
Table 4.
Average “bid,” and “ask” exchange rates USD to ZAR.
Extracted from [28].
Fig 3.
Predicted average rainfall in KNP per week (centimeters).
Predictions are computed using a quasi-periodic rainfall model [30] fitted to KNP rainfall data from 1903 to 2014. Average rainfall is a proxy for new vegetation.
Table 5.
ABM and IBM parameters along with their reference values and economically/ecologically valid intervals used in the sensitivity analysis.
Fig 4.
Summary of strategic response scenarios and consequences for white rhino populations.
KNP rhinos are in red, and rhinos in South African private ownership are in green. Predictions are computed with and without strategies aimed at disrupting rhino horn trafficking syndicates. The parameter pa is the effectiveness of anti-poaching efforts and pm is the effectiveness of demand-reduction marketing campaigns on a scale of 0 to 1. The parameter t reflects legal horn trade (1) or not (0). During 2012 an estimated 10641 white rhinos lived in National Parks, 3710 in Provincial Reserves and 4527 in Private Reserves [17].
Fig 5.
“Bid” and “ask” prices for illegally traded rhino horn.
Model output (solid lines) of the price that poachers ask middlemen to pay for a kilogram of rhino horn (a), and the price that Asian traders bid to buy a kilogram of rhino horn from middlemen (b). Symbols are the observed prices paid with the broken lines representing the range of prices paid.
Table 6.
Comparison of rhino population estimates derived from the economic-ecological model with estimates obtained through aerial surveys.
See [23].