Fig 1.
Background and occurrence points of native (b) and invasive (a) populations of Bactrocera carambolae used in the modeling process. Colours refer to Köppen-Geiger classifications in the native and invaded range, while the grey area represents areas not used as background. Af = extremely hot and moist; Am = extremely hot and xeric; Aw = extremely hot and arid.
Fig 2.
Principal component analysis (PCA) performed with 19 bioclimatic variables.
Red symbols represent native populations; blue symbols are invasive populations, light and dark grey points represent 1000 random points extracted from the native and invasive backgrounds, respectively.
Table 1.
Summary of performance statistics of models for Bactrocera carambolae.
Best models are highlighted in bold, and the asterisk indicates the selected one.
Fig 3.
Predicted suitable habitats for B. carambolae showing logistic (a) and binary outputs (b), as well as MESS analysis (Elith et al. 2010). Warmer colors in the logistic map indicate high suitability. The binary outputs include suitable and optimal conditions for the species, represented by the minimum presence threshold (MTP) and 10% training presence threshold (TP10), respectively.
Fig 4.
Percentage of counties and acreage of eight economically important fruit species cultivated in Brazil under risk of attack by Bactrocera carambolae.