Fig 1.
Representative histogram showing size distribution and cumulative percentage (left) of submicron particulate matter in urine from healthy cats.
A representative frame from the captured video analyzed by NTA is shown as well (right).
Table 1.
Characteristic of submicron particulates in healthy cat urine (n = 9).
Fig 2.
Fluo-4-AM positive particulate matter from a healthy cat.
A representative histogram showing averaged sizing and relative abundance data (with SE in red) and individual analyses from the triplicate assessment (right) cumulative percentage (left) of submicron particulate matter in healthy feline urine.
Fig 3.
Representative histogram showing size distribution and cumulative percentage (left) of submicron particulate matter from urine obtained from a healthy cat.
After a 4 hr incubation at 37 deg C. A representative frame from the captured video analyzed by NTA is shown as well (right).
Table 2.
Characteristic of submicron particulates in healthy cat urine (n = 9) after a 4 hr incubation at 37 deg C.
Fig 4.
A: Representative histogram showing size distribution and cumulative percentage (left) of submicron particulate matter in healthy feline urine after labeling with DyLight 488 conjugated alendronate. A representative frame from the captured video analyzed by NTA is shown as well (right). Note the strongly preferential binding to primary CNP that lack an outer layer of protein or mucus. B: Representative histogram showing averaged sizing and relative abundance data (left; SE in red) and individual analyses from the assessment (right) of this representative sample of healthy feline urine after labeling with DyLight 488 conjugated osteopontin. Note the strongly preferential binding to primary naturally-occurring CNP that lack an outer layer of protein or mucus.
Fig 5.
DyLight488-conjugated alendronate binding of CNP generated in vitro.
A representative histogram showing averaged sizing and relative abundance data (left; SE in red) and individual analyses from the assessment (right) of this representative sample in triplicate. Note that CNP generated in vitro do not acquire the protein/mucus coating known to occur in vivo and the larger forms retain the ability to bind to alendronate.
Fig 6.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of calcifying nanoparticles (CNP).
(A) CNP synthesized de novo in the laboratory using supersatured solutions of calcium and phosphorus and a solution of bovine fetuin A (see detailed description in the methodology section). (B) CNP identified in the urine of healthy, colony cats. In each case 5 microliters of samples were applied to a coated copper mesh and excess fluid wicked away. After complete air-drying, each prepared mesh was evaluated with electron microscopy at 80KV.