Fig 1.
PRISMA diagram: identification and selection of sources.
NA, not applicable; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
Fig 2.
Risk of bias assessment of trials included in the mixed-treatment comparison.
ITT, intent-to-treat.
Table 1.
Included trials/treatments and important patient characteristics.
Table 2.
Treatments and endpoints available for meta-analysis.
Fig 3.
Forest plot of the odds ratios for biologics vs. placebo for anti-TNF therapy-naïve patients in induction studies.
CrI, credible interval; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Note: Adalimumab induction dose: 160 mg followed by 80 mg; vedolizumab induction dose: 300 mg; golimumab induction dose: 200 mg subcutaneous at week 0, followed by 100 mg at week 2 and then 100 mg every 4 weeks; infliximab induction dose: 5 mg/kg intravenously at week 0, followed by 5 mg/kg at 2 and 6 weeks.
Fig 4.
Comparative efficacy of biological agents as induction therapy for anti-TNF therapy-naïve subpopulation.
CrI, credible interval; OR, odds ratio; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Note: Treatment effect estimates come from Bayesian mixed-treatment comparison. ORs >1.0 favour the treatment in the left upper square. To obtain ORs for comparison in the opposite direction, reciprocals should be calculated.
Fig 5.
Forest plot of the odds ratios for biologics vs. placebo for anti-TNF therapy-naïve patients in maintenance studies.
CrI, credible interval; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Note: Adalimumab maintenance dose: 40 mg every other week; vedolizumab maintenance dose: 300 mg every 8 weeks; golimumab maintenance dose: 100 mg every 4 weeks; infliximab maintenance dose: 5 mg/kg intravenously every 8 weeks.
Fig 6.
Comparative efficacy of biological agents as maintenance therapy for anti-TNF therapy-naïve subpopulation.
CrI, credible interval; OR, odds ratio; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Note: Treatment effect estimates come from Bayesian mixed-treatment comparison. ORs >1.0 favour the treatment in the left upper square. To obtain ORs for comparison in the opposite direction, reciprocals should be calculated.
Table 3.
Comparative efficacy of biological agents for induction and maintenance therapy for anti-TNF therapy-experienced subpopulation.