Fig 1.
Methods of data processing in the inter-hemisphere asymmetry analysis in present study.
(A) Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness map drawn from three-dimensional scans of 12 mm width using swept-source optical coherence tomography. (B) GCIPL thickness map of 6.2 × 6.2 mm macular area divided into a 31 × 31 grid of 200 × 200 μm squares. The black square of 1.8 × 1.8 mm area near the foveal pit was marked as an example for detailed description of the calculation process. (C) GCIPL thickness map in the sample square is shown. (D) Map of inter-hemispheric differences. The thickness difference was calculated for each of the corresponding superpixels across the horizontal reference line drawn through foveal pit center. (E) Only negative values, representing relative decreases compared with corresponding superpixels, were selected for analysis, and positive values were excluded. The negative differences were displayed on a gray-scale asymmetry map. (F) Inter-hemispheric GCIPL asymmetry map of 6.2 × 6.2 mm macular area.
Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Study Subjects.
Table 2.
Average Negative Differences of Thicknesses in Macular Inner Retinal Layers and Numbers of Black Superpixels in Asymmetry Map in Normal Subjects and Glaucoma Patients.
Fig 2.
A representative case of glaucoma patient.
A 45-year-old woman was evaluated for possible open angle glaucoma. Best corrected visual acuities were 20/20 in both eyes and intraocular pressures were 15 mmHg in both eyes. (A,B) Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) photography indicates inferotemporal RNFL thinning in the left eye. (C,D,E,F) Optic disc of the left eye shows signs of inferotemporal disc notching. The results of Humphrey visual field testing were normal in the right eye and superior defect in the left eye. The mean deviation was 0.69 dB in the right eye and -3.80 dB in the left eye. The visual field index was 100% and 84% for the right and left eye, respectively. (G) Asymmetry maps from inter-ocular and inter-hemispheric asymmetry analyses showing a cluster of black superpixels corresponding with inferotemporal RNFL defect in left eye. The inter-hemispheric and inter-ocular asymmetry thickness maps of RNFL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), ganglion cell complex and total retina were arrayed in a 4 × 4 matrix form. The maps of the first and fourth columns were constructed from inter-hemispheric asymmetry analyses of the right and left eye, respectively. The maps of the second and third columns were obtained from inter-ocular asymmetry analyses of the right and left eye, respectively. The rows of the maps are arrayed in the order RNFL, GCIPL, ganglion cell complex, total retina.
Fig 3.
A representative case of unilateral glaucoma patient with false positive findings on conventional deviation map.
A 58-year-old man was evaluated for open angle glaucoma. Best corrected visual acuities were 20/20 in both eyes and intraocular pressures were 18 mmHg in the right eye and 16 mmHg in the left eye. The refractive errors were -5.50 diopters in both eyes. (A,B) Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) photography presents inferotemporal RNFL thinning in right eye. (C) Topographic profile of peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by Cirrus OCT presented temporal deviation of peaks of RNFL thicknesses. (D) The results of Humphrey visual-field testing were superior defect in right eye and normal in left eye. (E) The peripapillary RNFL thickness deviation map of Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed abnormal color-coded area consistent with superotemporal and inferotemporal RNFL thinning in both eyes. (F) The ganglion cell analysis deviation map of Cirrus OCT also showed abnormal color-coded area in the inferior macular area of the right eye and in the superior and inferior macular area of the left eye. The abnormal color-coded areas of the left eye were considered as false-positive because of normal findings on RNFL photography and visual-field testing. (G) Inter-hemispheric and inter-ocular asymmetry thickness maps of RNFL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell complex and total retina were arrayed in 4 × 4 matrix form in same order as Fig 2G. The asymmetry maps from the inter-ocular and inter-hemispheric asymmetry analyses showed a cluster of black superpixels corresponding to an inferotemporal RNFL defect in the right eye. However, in the left eye, the number of black superpixels was small and the map showed only a scattered distribution of black superpixels. The asymmetry maps suggest that this case has significant structural changes only in the right eye, which corresponded well with the results for RNFL photography and visual-field testing.
Table 3.
Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Values of Average Negative Differences of Thicknesses in Macular Inner Retinal Layers for Diagnosis of Glaucoma.
Table 4.
Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Values of Numbers of Black Superpixels in Asymmetry Map for Diagnosis of Glaucoma.
Fig 4.
Receiver operating characteristic curves of six parameters for glaucoma diagnosis.
The parameters are the inter-hemispheric negative difference of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses, inter-ocular negative difference of RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses, and average RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses. The average RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were measured using Cirrus optical coherence tomography.