Fig 1.
Colony morphology of the dominant strains in the culture medium and electrophoresis atlas of the PCR products amplified from apple fruit fermentation (AFF).
(A), colony morphology. 1, Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr. 2, Bacillus megaterium. 3, Bacillus licheniformis. 4, Weissella. 5–8, Bacillus subtilis. (B, C), PCR amplification from apple fruit fermentation (AFF).
Fig 2.
The identification of the rhizosphere microbial community under various treatments.
(A), agarose gel (2%) electrophoresis of rhizosphere genomic DNA (Marker: DL2000). (B), agarose gel (2%) electrophoresis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA (Marker: DL2000). (C), PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) DNA profiles, and the sequencing codes for cloning of bands that differed between treatments. Abbreviation: Blank (blank plots transplanting the plant before), CK (500 mL water), T1 (apple fruit fermentation (AFF) 500 times solution), T2 (AFF 500 times solution + 108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis), T3 (108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis).
Table 1.
The similarity of the rhizosphere microbial community under various treatments.
Table 2.
The diversity of the rhizosphere microbial community under various treatments.
Fig 3.
The growth of strawberry seedlings treated with apple fruit fermentation (AFF) plus Bacillus licheniformis after 30 d.
(A), the morphological characteristics of the strawberry seedlings. Abbreviation: CK (500 mL water), T1 (AFF 500 times solution), T2 (AFF 500 times solution + 108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis), T3 (108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis).
Table 3.
The growth status of the strawberry seedlings treated with with AFF plus Bacillus licheniformis after 30 d.
Table 4.
The effect of AFF plus Bacillus licheniformis on mineral element and heavy metal contents in the leaves of strawberry seedlings.
Fig 4.
Change of activities of peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) after applying apple fruit fermentation (AFF) plus Bacillus licheniformis.
(A, B, C), the activities of POD, PAL, PPO after applying AFF plus Bacillus licheniformis for 12 h. CK (500 mL water), T1 (AFF 500 times solution), T2 (AFF 500 times solution + 108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis), T3 (108 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis). Vertical bars represent mean values and error bars indicate ±SE (n = 3).
Table 5.
Changes in the activities in strawberry leaves of POD, PAL and PPO after applying AFF plus Bacillus licheniformis for 30 d.
Fig 5.
Redundancy analysis (RDA) plot based on the rhizosphere microbial diversity with the plant growth index and antioxidant enzyme activity under different treatments.
PH, Plant height; LA, Leaf area; RL, Root length; PW, Plant Weight; RW, Root Weight; LSW, Leaf and stem Weight. H′, Shannon-Wiener index; E, evenness index; S, richness. The blue lines represent mineral element content. The red lines show microbial diversity indices. The black lines indicate plant growth index and antioxidant enzyme activity.
Fig 6.
Schematic representation of the effect of spraying apple fruit fermentation (AFF) plus Bacillus licheniformis on promoting plant growth.