Fig 1.
A conceptual diagram linking stresses related to increased atmospheric CO2 (elevated sea surface temperature and ocean acidification), storms, and local stressors to coral reef condition, selected ecosystem services provided by reefs, and human dependence on these ecosystem services.
Solid lines represent relationships evaluated in this study.
Fig 2.
Scores of human dependence on coral reef ecosystem services, by country.
Panel A provides the normalized scores for human dependence on shoreline protection, Panel B shows the normalized scores for dependence on reef fisheries, and Panel C shows combined human dependence. All scores are normalized on a scale from 0–10. Higher scores reflect higher human dependence. Countries are binned by quintile in the legend.
Table 1.
Raw data and results of the normalized scoring for human dependence, by country (only countries for which data are available are shown).
Ocean Provinces: Brazilian (B), Caribbean (C), Central Pacific (CP), Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Central Indian Ocean (CIO), Eastern Pacific (EP), Middle East (ME), Polynesia (P), South East Asia (SEA), Western Australia (WA), Western Indian Ocean (WIO).
Fig 3.
Country-level dependence on coral reef ecosystem services and future risk of coral bleaching.
Bleaching risk is indicated by the year when DHW8 is first reached annually, under RCP8.5 scenario [24,25]. Ocean Provinces are indicated in each panel in bold. Earlier years indicate increased bleaching risk.
Fig 4.
Country-level dependence on coral reef ecosystem services and future risk of ocean acidification as omega aragonite level in 2050 based on GLODAP, CARINA and PACIFICA data, [43].
Ocean Provinces present in each panel in bold. Lower omega aragonite levels reflect higher ocean acidification risk.
Fig 5.
Country-level dependence on coral reef ecosystem services and future combined normalized scores (2–20) for CO2-related threats (e.g. ocean acidification and thermal stress).
Ocean Provinces are indicated in each panel in bold. Higher scores indicate higher dependence and higher ecological risk.
Fig 6.
Regional dependence, by ocean province [49], on ecosystem services and average CO2-related threats (ocean acidification measured as projected Ωar levels at coral reefs in 2050 and elevated sea surface temperature as measured by year that 8 DHW are projected to occur annually).
The horizontal line in the threats panel represents the mean threat for all regions (scores above this line indicate above average severity of threat). The scales for the reef fish dependence scores are broken to reduce the size of the graph. Note that the Great Barrier Reef Ocean Province includes, but is not limited to, the Great Barrier Reef.