Fig 1.
Kasumigamide from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx.
(a) The marine sponge Discodermia calyx. (b) Structure of kasumigamide.
Fig 2.
The biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed biosynthetic pathway to kasumigamide.
(a) ORFs encoded in the putative kasumigamide biosynthetic gene cluster, kasA-I. Double-headed arrows show the location of pDCYN1-2. The ORFs related to PKS-NRPS are highlighted in red. Putative transposases are colored in green. (b) The domain organization and proposed biosynthetic pathway to kasumigamide.
Table 1.
Putative ORFs of kasumigamide NRPS-PKS gene cluster derived from “Entotheonella” sp.
Fig 3.
Symbiont bacteria bearing kas genes.
(a) Phase contrast image of D. calyx homogenate. A filamentous bacterium ‘Entotheonella’ sp. is designated as “F”. A small filamentous bacterium with bright color is designated as “S”. Scale bars was 20 μm. (b) PCR analysis of dissected cells with the kas-specific primers pair, DCKS10F/DCKS10R (S1 Table), using dissected cells (“F” or “S”) as templates.
Fig 4.
Comparative analysis of domain organizations of the putative kasumigamide biosynthetic gene clusters.
Each gene cluster derived from (a) D. acidovorans CCUG 274B (b) Herbaspirillum sp. CF444 (c) ‘Entotheonella’ sp. (d) M. aeruginosa NIES-87.
Fig 5.
Substrate selectivity of A domains.
The relative adenylation activity was estimated by the malachite green phosphate assay. Error bars represent SEM (n = 3).