Fig 1.
(A) Overview of the number of animals, observation periods, imaging modality, and the condition of the femoral artery after application of an Angio-Seal VCD. (B) Porcine baseline femoral artery diameter.
Fig 2.
Occluded left femoral artery after application of an 8F Angio-Seal vascular closure device.
(A, C) CT-angiography demonstrates the intact femoral arteries prior to arterial puncture (arrow heads in A). (B, D) Four weeks after implantation of an 8F Angio-Seal VCD CT-angiography shows occlusion of the left femoral artery of animal 3 (white arrow in B and D). The animal presented in this figure is one of 3 animals that developed vessel occlusion after application of the Angio-Seal VCD.
Fig 3.
Stenosis of the left femoral artery 12 weeks after application of a 6F Angio-Seal.
(A) Digital subtraction angiography shows a local stenosis at the puncture site (white arrow). The normal contralateral artery is shown for comparison (white arrow heads). (B) Macroscopic photography of the left femoral artery shows the pathologically thickened vessel segment at the position of the applied Angio-Seal VCD.
Fig 4.
(A, B) Segment of normal porcine femoral artery; A adventitia (Tunica externa), M media (Tunica media), L vessel lumen, black arrow external elastic membrane, white arrow internal elastic lamina (A H&E, B van Gieson stain; scale bars = 180 μm). (C) Femoral artery 4 weeks after intervention. Obliteration of vessel lumen; M media, arrows internal elastic lamina (H&E; scale bar = 180 μm). (D) Multinucleated histiocytes, lymphocytes and scattered eosinophils around copolymer material (arrows), same animal as in C (H&E; scale bar = 90 μm). (E) Advanced connective tissue formation in former intravasal space 12 weeks after endovascular instrumentation. Focal media calcification surrounded by lymphocytes and multinucleated histiocytes (black arrows). Area with prominent neovascularisation as indicated by asterisk; white arrows internal elastic lamina (H&E; scale bar = 180 μm). Inset: Multinucleated giant cell (arrow) in partially destroyed media (H&E; scale bar = 65 μm). (F) Subtotal obliteration of femoral artery (same animal as in E). Segmental destruction of internal elastic lamina (arrow) with remnants of elastic material (short arrows); (van Gieson stain; scale bar = 180 μm). (G) Prominent inflammatory response (same animal as in E and F). Follicle-like aggregation of small lymphocytes (asterisks) and calcifications embedded in a lympho-histiocytic infiltrate (H&E; scale bar = 180 μm). (H) Considerable hemosiderin deposits (blue staining) at the former vessel lumen (same animal as in E–G); L residual artery lumen (turnbull blue; scale bar = 180 μm).