Fig 1.
On subjects’ request UDI could be performed at the first visit, if the 3-day bladder diary was already available and all further inclusion criteria were met. LUTS = Lower urinary tract symptoms, PVR = Post void residual, UDI = Urodynamic investigation.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
Table 2.
Urodynamic findings.
Table 3.
Pathological findings during urodynamic investigations.
Fig 2.
Pathological findings during filling cystometry.
Filling cystometry (bladder filling with 30 mL/min) of a 51 years old healthy man: First detrusor overactivity occurs at 125 mL (red-dashed line) with maximum pDet of 54 cmH2O but no detrusor overactivity incontinence, the maximum cystometric capacity is 345 mL. The associated pressure flow study is normal and not shown in the figure.
Fig 3.
Pathological findings during pressure flow study.
a) Pressure flow study of a 24 years old healthy woman: The first spike indicates a cough to evaluate correct catheter placement, thereafter permission to void (*) is obtained. The EMG signal during pressure flow study is elevated, the flow is interrupted; consequent spikes in the vesical and detrusor pressure can be seen. Maximum cystometric capacity/voided volume 395 mL, maximum pDet voiding 31 cmH2O at maximum flow rate 25 mL/s, no post void residual. b) The free uroflowmetry in the same subject reveals a normal flow-curve. Maximum flow rate 30 mL/s, voided volume 390 mL, no post void residual. In line with the International Continence Society, we interpret detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in this pressure flow study as a phenomenon provoked by the examination itself, especially also considering the normal flow pattern and the lack of PVR during free uroflowmetry. * = permission to void, EMG = electromyography, pAbd = intraabdominal pressure, pVes = intravesical pressure, pDet = detrusor pressure, Qmax = maximum flow rate, V = volume.
Fig 4.
Difference against mean plot filling cystometry.
Difference against mean plot for a) first sensation of filling, b) first desire to void, c) strong desire to void, d) maximum cystometric capacity, e) compliance, and f) maximum detrusor pressure during filling for UDI 1 vs. 2. Wide 95% limits of agreement reflect poor repeatability with unacceptable discrepancies between same session repeat UDIs. UDI = Urodynamic investigation.
Fig 5.
Difference against mean plot pressure flow study.
Difference against mean plot for a) maximum detrusor pressure during voiding, b) detrusor pressure at maximum flow-rate, c) maximum flow rate, d) voided volume, and e) post void residual for UDI 1 vs. 2. Wide 95% limits of agreement reflect poor repeatability with unacceptable discrepancies between same session repeat UDIs. UDI = Urodynamic investigation.