Fig 1.
Ritualized greeting ceremonies between members of a spotted hyena clan.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic relationship of sapovirus strains from wild carnivores in the Serengeti National Park.
Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny under the GTR+I+G model for a fragment of 210 nucleotides of the RdRp gene depicting the relationships between sapovirus (SaV) strains from spotted hyena, bat-eared fox and African lions (in bold) with other strains of the family Caliciviridae. The details for strains from the Serengeti National Park include the host species, year of collection and for spotted hyena strains, clan membership of the host (I, M, P) and Z when clan membership was unknown. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstraps from 1000 replicates/ Bayesian posterior probabilities.
Fig 3.
Prevalence of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park.
Numbers at the top of the plot indicate sample sizes for each year from 2001 to 2012.
Table 1.
Sapovirus infection prevalence in spotted hyenas during outbreak years and non-outbreak years.
Table 2.
RT-PCR fecal screening results for known spotted hyenas sampled at least three dates.
Fig 4.
The likelihood of infection of spotted hyenas with sapovirus as a function of clan size.
Note that the probabilities were adjusted for the potential effects of the other covariates, contact rate and lifetime range, by setting them to the median of their values (for details see Material and Methods). Circles represent predicted values within the range of actual clan sizes observed.
Table 3.
The effect of social contact rate, individual lifetime range and clan size on the likelihood of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas.