Table 1.
Selected indicators for a human well-being bundle capturing the five well-being constituents of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) [1]: Basic material for a good life; health; security; good social relations; freedom of choice and action.
All data were sourced from the South African National Census 2011 [17].
Fig 1.
Human well-being indicators for South Africa.
Values are categorized in quartiles. All indicators were found to be significantly clustered in space (Moran’s I, p < 0.01).
Fig 2.
Human well-being bundle types representing three distinct configurations of human well-being in South Africa.
Values are averages for each indicator (see Table 1 for an explanation of the units), calculated across all municipalities that were clustered together within a bundle type. Petal length represents the average value (relative to the absolute maximum) of each indicator among the municipalities that share a similar bundle type. The map shows the distribution of the three different bundle types in South Africa. Areas of the same colour share similar well-being bundles at the municipal level and are significantly clustered in space (Moran’s I, p < 0.01). Provincial borders and major metropolitan centres are shown.
Fig 3.
Distribution of a) ecosystem service (ES) use bundles in South Africa, as defined by Hamann et al. [11]; and b) the overlap between ES use and human well-being bundles.
The cross-hatched areas in (b) represent systems characterized by high and medium ES use among households.
Fig 4.
Percentage overlaps in area between different ecosystem service (ES) use and human well-being bundles.
The different ES use areas make up a percentage of the total area of each well-being bundle.
Table 2.
Overlaps between human well-being and ecosystem service (ES) use as percentages of South Africa’s total land area and population.
Table 3.
Estimated model coefficients and their standard errors (in parentheses) for changes in the classification of municipalities into direct ecosystem service (ES) use or human well-being bundles, in response to individual well-being and ES use indicators.
Fig 5.
a) Per capita Gross Value Added (GVA) in South African Rand (ZAR), and b) the South African Index of Multiple Deprivation (SAIMD), per municipality.
Values are categorized in quantiles; provincial borders are shown. The boxplots on the right of the maps show the difference in per capita GVA (in ZAR ‘000) and in SAIMD ranks (1 being the most deprived) between the different human well-being bundle types. Human well-being bundle labels are abbreviated to “high”, “med”, and “low”, corresponding to the high, medium and low income bundles. Outliers in the per capita GVA data were excluded from the boxplot.