Fig 1.
Map showing the location of the Bauru Group (modified from Fernandes et al., 2007).
Geological map showing the locations of the outcrops of the Bauru Group in southwestern São Paulo state regarding the following formations: (1) Cauiá, (2) Santo Anastácio, (3) Adamantina, (4) Araçatuba, (5) Presidente Prudente, (6) Uberaba and (7) Marília.
Fig 2.
Cervical vertebra (Cv 12) of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et nov. sp.
(A) Left lateral and (B) anterior views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; s, neural spine; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 3.
Cervical vertebra (Cv 13) of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) In left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views. Abbreviations: cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; mec, medial crest; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 4.
Detail of the cervical vertebra (Cv 13) of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) Lateral view, showing some of the new features of the species such as the bifurcated posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (pcdl), the suprapleurocoel lamina (spll), and the suprapleurocoel cavity (splaf). (B) Posterior view. Abbreviations: cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; nc, neural channel; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal; pl, pleurocoel; poz, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; splaf, suprapleurocoel accessory fossa (new); spll, suprapleurocoel lamina (new); st, spine tuberosity; tpol, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Table 1.
Measurements of the major elements of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
Dashed lines indicate portions which could not be measured since they are not preserved.
Fig 5.
Cervical rib of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) Internal and (B) external views. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 6.
Detail of the cervical rib of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
Red arrows show the scars for connective tissue. Scale bar: 50mm.
Fig 7.
First dorsal vertebra (D1) of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) In anterior, (B) left anterolateral, (C) dorsal, (D) and posterior views. Abbreviations: cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; ns, neural spine; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; spol, spinepostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 8.
The dorsal vertebra of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov, major laminae and fossae.
(A) In left anterolateral, (C) dorsal and (D) posterior views. The fossae are shown by red arrows. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpaf, centroparapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal; poz, postzygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 9.
Additonal elements of dorsal and sacral vertebrae of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) Left transverse process of a posterior dorsal vertebra, in anterior, (B) posterior views. (C) Left prezygapophysis from the posterior dorsal vertebra, with dark lines showing the bifurcated spinoprezygapophiseal lamina. (D) Sacral element, with white arrows indicating the suture between the sacral transverse process and the sacral rib, and the black arrow the sacral rib. Abbreviations: prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; spdl, spinodiapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 10.
Strict consensus cladogram, showing the relationships of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
The analysis generated two most parsimonious trees, with 233 steps, consistency index (C.I.) of 0.468, and retention index (R.I.) of 0.636. Nodes are as follows: 1) Titanosauria, 2) Lithostrotia, 3) Lognkosauria, 4) Aeolosaurini, 5) Rincosauria, 6) Opisthocoelicaudinae, and 7) Saltasaurinae.
Fig 11.
Pneumatic structures of Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) The anatomical planes analyzed in this study: 1—Coronal, 2- Median, 3 –Transversal. (B) Coronal plane showing the extensive centro-postzygapophyseal fossae at the middle portion of the vertebra. (C) and (D) show the the centro-postzygapophyseal fossae and the neural canal, in median and transverse planes, respectively. (E) Dorsal vertebra (D1) in transverse plane. (F) Sacral vertebra in transverse plane. Note the internal pneumatic constructions showing a connection between smaller camellate structures, as evidenced by the white dashed lines. See text for discussion. Abbreviations: cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossae; nc, neural channel, ns, neural spine. Scale bar: 100mm.
Fig 12.
The camellate rings revealed by tomographic CT scans in cervical vertebrae.
(A) The camellate rings Cv13 evidenced by the white arrows. Those structures are interpreted as growth structures. (B) The intercalation of external high density tissue (black arrows) and internal pneumatic tissue in an isolated fragment of a cervical vertebra. Scale bar: 50mm.
Fig 13.
The tentatively 3D reconstruction of the internal pneumatic structures in Austroposeidon magnificus gen. et sp. nov.
(A) The last cervical vertebra (Cv13) in posterolateral view. (B) First dorsal vertebra in left posterolateral view. The internal pneumatic connections suggest a possible interconnection of all the internal pneumatic structures throughout the entire vertebral body (light green). Scale bar: 100mm.