Fig 1.
“Original” and “newfound” VSL#3 formulations.
Fig 2.
Live vs dead bacteria in “original” and “newfound” VSL#3 product.
Panel A: The percentages of live and dead cells in each VSL#3 formulations presented as mean ± SD of n. 10 determinations are shown. (Live cells *P<0.001 vs both lots of newfound formulations; Dead cells ^P<0.001 vs both lots of newfound formulations). Panel B: Representative microscopy images of bacteria stained with SYTO®13 and Propidium Iodide are shown. Stained bacterial suspensions were analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. Red colour is due to SYTO®13 green fluorescence that was quenched by that of PI (dead bacterial cells), while bright green-yellow colour was due to SYTO®13 staining when PI did not permeate across the cell membrane (live bacterial cells). Magnification 100x.
Fig 3.
A) Comparison of the effects of “original” and “newfound” VSL#3 formulations on tumor cell growth. The cells were cultured for 12, 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of probiotic lysates at 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml. The results from one representative from n. 3 independent experiments are presented as the mean values of duplicates ± SD. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 vs untreated control; ^P<0.05; ^^P<0.01; ^^^P<0.001 vs “newfound VSL#3” lysate treatment. All data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments. B) Comparison between the effects of bacterial lysates from each VSL#3 formulation on cell death % level on tumor cell lines. Dead cell number was assessed by Trypan blue dye inclusion after 48 h treatment in vitro. Percentages of dead cell number are presented as mean of duplicates. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.005; ****P<0.001 vs untreated control; ^P<0.05; ^^P<0.01 vs “newfound VSL#3” lysate treatment. All data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments.
Fig 4.
A) Comparison between the effects of bacterial lysates on proliferation/migration ability of tumor cells assayed through in vitro “wound healing model”. The effect of bacterial lysates at 1, 5, and 10 mg/ml on the resurfacing of scratched monolayers was analyzed and compared to the relative control cells. The microscopy images acquired for each sample were analyzed with TScratch software to automatically quantify the percentage of wound closure. Data are presented as the mean of duplicate values ± SD) and are relative to % wound closure at 15 h from monolayer scratching. The results shown are representative of 3 independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 vs untreated control; ^P<0.05 and ^^^P<0.001 vs “newfound VSL#3” lysate treatment. B) Representative microscopy images of monolayers after treatment with “original” and “newfound VSL#3” formulations on adherent tumor cells at 15 h (T15) after scratching of monolayer. An image of scratched untreated monolayer for each used cell line at T0 is also shown. Images from one representative out of 3 independent experiments are shown.
Table 1.
Effect of 24 h treatment with “original” or “newfound” VSL#3 bacterial lysates (10 mg/ml) on cell cycle distribution (%).
Fig 5.
Effect of bacterial lysates from “original” or “newfound VSL#3” products on tumor cell cycle distribution.
A) Histograms showing percent distribution of G0/G1, S, and G2/M cycle phase of tumor cells after 24 h treatment with probiotic lysates at 10 mg/ml. B) Representative cell cycles profiles of tumor cell lines after the same culture conditions above described.
Fig 6.
Effect of bacterial lysates from “original” or “newfound VSL#3” products on tumor cell apoptosis level.
A) Data from cytofluorimetric analyses of apoptotic cells after treatment with bacterial lysates at 10 mg/ml for 48 hr expressed as mean % apoptotic cells ± SD. The data are relative to one representative out of n. 3 experiments in duplicate. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs untreated control; ^P<0.05 vs “newfound VSL#3” lysate treatment. B) The cytofluorimetric profiles from one representative from n. 3 experiments are shown. C) SYTO 13 staining of nucleic acid-containing microparticles generated in vitro from cell lines. Treated cells were incubated for 48 h with bacterial lysates, the media were collected and used for analysis of microparticles by flow cytometry. MFI, Mean Fluorescence Intensity. D) DNA fragmentation assay as measured by quantitation of cytosolic oligonucleosome-bound DNA, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data from oligonucleosome assay after treatment with bacterial lysates at 10 mg/ml for 48 hr are expressed as Arbitrary Unit/106 cells (mean of duplicate values ± SD). The data are relative to one representative out of n. 3 experiments in duplicate. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ****P<0.001 vs untreated control; ^^P<0.01, and ^^^P<0.001 vs “original VSL#3” lysate treatment.