Table 1.
Summary of PG family members in soybean.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic relationships and gene structures of the GmPG genes.
(A) Multiple alignments of 112 full-length amino acids of PG genes from soybean were executed by Clustal X ver. 1.83, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 5.0 by the maximum-likelihood (ML) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Three distinct clusters (I to III) formed by the PGs are marked by red, green, and blue frames, respectively. (B) The main domains are highlighted by colored boxes. Introns are shown as lines. The sequence of the domains are shown in S1 Fig. (C) Exons and introns are represented by yellow boxes and gray lines, respectively. The sizes of exons and introns can be estimated using the scale at the bottom.
Fig 2.
Alternative splicing of GmPG genes in the soybean genome.
(A) The 26 identified GmPGs contained alternative structures. (B) Among these genes, 21 genes underwent extension, shortening or deletion of exon sequences, three underwent 5'-UTR events, and three had competing 5'/3'-UTR events. (C) The main domains are indicated by colored boxes.
Fig 3.
Chromosomal locations and region duplication of GmPG genes.
A total of 112 GmPG genes are mapped to the 20 chromosomes (Chr) on the basis of JGI soybean Genome version 7.0. Each pair of duplicated PG genes is connected with a red line, generating a total of 54 gene pairs. Segmental duplicated homologous blocks are indicated with the same color bar, a total of 8 predicted duplication regions. Tandemly duplicated genes are indicated with yellow box. The chromosome number is indicated above each chromosome. The scale is in megabases (Mb). Scale represents a 3.5 Mb chromosomal distance.
Fig 4.
Expression profile of GmPG genes in different tissues.
The numbers in the expression profile are normalized data, which were calculated as reads, normalization of the raw data. All data were selected from the SoyBase databases.
Fig 5.
Heat map of 64 expressed GmPG genes in different tissues.
(A) Heat map showing hierarchical clustering of 61 expressed GmPG genes among various tissues analyzed. (B) Heat map showing hierarchical clustering of 37 expressed GmPG genes during the development of soybean seeds.
Fig 6.
CAPS marker used to detect the SNP in PG031.
(A) A fragment of 623 bp harboring the SNP can be digested by Nsi I in the PG031289H, but not in the PG031289Y. (B) Genotypic constitutions at the CAPS marker for 815 soybean population
Fig 7.
GmPG031 expressed in flowers and siliques.
(A) GUS staining of GmPG031pro::GUS transgenic plants flowers. (B-E) Close-up images of transgenic plants flowers in A. (F) RT-PCR identification of GmPG031 in different tissues including 15-d-old leaf (15L),60-d-old leaf (60L), stems (S), stem tip (ST), roots (R), flowers(F), pod (P) and immature embryos (IC) in soybean DN50 and TK780. β-tubulin was used as an internal control.
Fig 8.
GmPG031 gene influences flower and silique development.
(A) Phenotypes of WT, 35S::GmPG031289Y and 35S::GmPG031289H plants. Some of 35S::GmPG031289Y transgenic plants have dead inflorescence. (B) 35S::GmPG031289Y siliques appeared less full, but WT and 35S::GmPG031289H siliques relatively. (C) A series of siliques at different positions were compared between transgenic and wild-type plants (Stage 15). Different positions are shown in A.
Fig 9.
Identification of siliques in GmPG031 transgenic and wild-type plants.
(A) The rate of full silique in GmPG031289H plants was higher than that in GmPG031289Y transgenic Arabidopsis. (B) Silique length of WT, 35S::GmPG031289Y and 35S::GmPG031289H plants. (C) The 1,000-seed weight of 35S::GmPG031289Y was significantly higher than that of 35S::GmPG031289H plants. Stars indicate significantly different groups (P < 0.05, Tukey test).