Table 1.
Study endpoints and matching criteria.
Table 2.
Key baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for unmatched and matched datasets comparing patients with COPD and type 2 diabetes on either ICS or non-ICS therapy.
Additional baseline data can be found in S1 Table (S1 File).
Fig 1.
Comparison of changes in HbA1C and diabetes-related GP visits between ICS and non-ICS cohorts.
Mild-to-moderate COPD patients identified by GOLD groups A and B. *Adjusted for number of acute courses of OCS and diagnosis of pneumonia during baseline, time between baseline and outcome HbA1c readings, and acute OCS use between index date and outcome HbA1c readings. †Adjusted for diagnosis of GORD in baseline, baseline HbA1c, and duration of diabetes. ‡Adjusted for number of acute OCS courses during baseline and time between baseline and outcome HbA1c readings. §Adjusted for baseline HbA1c and duration of diabetes.CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; ICS = inhaled corticosteroids; GORD = gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; GP = general practice; OCS = oral corticosteroids.
Table 3.
Study endpoints during the outcome year.
Fig 2.
Comparison of other diabetes-related outcomes between ICS and non-ICS cohorts.
Mild-to-moderate COPD patients identified by GOLD groups A and B. *Adjusted for diagnosis of GORD in baseline, duration of diabetes, time between baseline and outcome HbA1c readings, and acute OCS use between index date and outcome HbA1c readings. † Adjusted for number of allergy prescriptions and number of primary care consultations in baseline. ‡ Adjusted for baseline antidiabetic medication. §Adjusted for number of COPD consultations in baseline, time between baseline and outcome HbA1c readings, and acute OCS use between index date and outcome HbA1c readings. ¶Adjusted for number of GP consultations in baseline. CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; ICS = inhaled corticosteroids; GORD = gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; GP = general practice; OCS = oral corticosteroids.
Fig 3.
Adjusted odds ratios of the effect of cumulative ICS dose exposure and measured in fluticasone equivalents from the first prescription at the index date to the last HbA1c value in the outcome period.
*Adjusted for baseline HbA1c and acute oral corticosteroid use between index date and outcome HbA1c. †Adjusted for duration of diabetes (combined first diagnosis and first prescription), baseline HbA1c and acute oral corticosteroid use between index date and outcome HbA1c. HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; ICS = inhaled corticosteroids.