Fig 1.
Thirty-seven anthropometric landmarks (14 bilateral and 9 mid-sagittal) used in the study.
1) glabella (g); 2) nasion (n); 3) endocanthion left (enl); 4) endocanthion right (enr); 5) exocanthion left (exl); 6) exocanthion right (exr); 7) palpebrale superius left (psl); 8) palpebrale superius right (psr); 9) palpebrale inferius left (pil); 10) palpebrale inferius right (pir); 11) pronasale (prn); 12) subnasale (sn); 13) alare left (all); 14) alare right (alr); 15) subalare left (sbal); 16) subalare right (sbar); 17) philtrum-nasale left (phnl); 18) philtrum-nasale right (phnr); 19) mid-philtrum left (mphl); 20) mid-philtrum right (mphr); 21) crista philtri left (cphl); 22) crista philtri right (cphr); 23) deepest point of the philtrum (dpc); 24) labiale superius (ls); 25) mid-upper lip left (mull); 26) mid-upper lip right (mulr); 27) cheilion left (chl); 28) cheilion right (chr); 29) mid-lower lip left (mlll); 30) mid-lower lip right (mllr); 31) labiale inferius (li); 32) pogonion (pg); 33) gnathion (gn); 34) gonion right (gor); 35) gonion left (gol); 36) zygion right (zyr); 37) zygion left (zyl).
Table 1.
Definitions of anthropometric landmarks identified on 3D facial images.
Table 2.
Intra-examiner reliability results for 37 facial anthropometric landmarks from two landmarking sessions undertaken with a time interval of six months.
Fig 2.
The effects of the first five unscaled principal components on the face.
The average faces shown correspond to mean PC score and mean PC score ± 3 standard deviations. The averaging was performed for the faces with PC score within ‘mean ± 0.5 SD’ as well as ‘< mean −2.5 SD’ and ‘> mean + 2.5 SD’, respectively.
Table 3.
Principal components and their variances for the total sample and two subsamples.
Table 4.
Approximate description of facial principal components.
Table 5.
Genetic and environmental contributions to facial principal components.
Table 6.
Genetic and environmental contributions to thirty most heritable facial linear distances.