Table 1.
Model comparison based on the deviance explained (DEX), the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the percent bias (PBIAS), the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the normalized mean absolute error (NMAE).
Fig 1.
Carbon footprints of hydropower plants across the world (a) and hydropower plants with high methane emissions (≥ 10 kg CH4/MWh) and a large share of methane emissions (≥ 50% of the carbon footprint) (b). Country boundaries are obtained from Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 2.
Global average carbon footprints and methane shares using different approaches.
Table 3.
Global estimates of carbon emissions using the average of both models and applying correction factors without (model AC) and with allocation (alloc. AC), and results from the training dataset or previous literature (prev.).
Table 4.
Carbon footprints (kg/MWh) of the largest hydropower plant on each continent using the average of the two developed models and applying correction factors without (model AC) and with allocation (alloc. AC).
Fig 2.
Carbon footprints of various energy sources (based on [32] for all energy sources other than hydropower).
The lower and upper value of the dark bar for hydropower are the lower and upper quartiles for the corrected model average (Model AC). The light extensions represent the 10 and 90% quantiles and the red diamond marks the median.