Table 1.
Plasmids and Strains.
Table 2.
Growth of S-C1 strain and YC1 strain under different stress conditions.
Fig 1.
Metabolic flux distribution of the S-C1 strain and YC1 strain under different stress conditions.
The values outside the bracket are relative flux values normalized to glucose uptake rates as 100. The values inside the bracket are real flux values in mmol/g/h. Abbreviations used are: G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle. The line widths are linearly correlated with the normalized flux values (glucose uptake rate as 100). The dashed line indicates the flux is zero.
Fig 2.
Production and consumption of cofactor and energy.
The consumption (blue bar), production (red bar), and net production (black dots) of ATP, NADH, and NADPH are shown for different stress conditions. The error bars present the standard deviations, which can be too small to be seen.
Fig 3.
Fold changes of key fluxes between the S-C1 and YC1 strain under different stress conditions.
Abbreviation: GLC, glucose; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; PYRCYT, pyruvate in cytosol; P5P, ribulose 5-phosphate; ICIT, isocitrate; AKG, α-ketoglutarate; ETH, ethanol; ETHOUT, extracellular ethanol; GLYC, glycerol; GLYCOUT, extracellular glycerol.
Fig 4.
Generalized mechanisms used by S. cerevisiae strains in different stress conditions.
(A): acetic acid stress condition; (B): furfural stress condition; (C): dual-stress condition; Abbreviations: ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; ADH1/5, alcohol dehydrogenase 1/5, ROS, reactive oxygen species.