Fig 1.
Biomarker Discovery and Replication Strategy.
Biomarker discovery steps, applied to Cohort A, are outlined in the pink box. After pre-processing, univariate analysis identifies candidate proteins based on statistically significant differences between AECOPD and convalescent at a false discovery rate <0.01 with a fold change >1.2. An elastic net model is applied to these candidate proteins to generate a final classifier model. This is subsequently followed by replication in Cohorts B and C (blue box).
Table 1.
Demographic Data for Discovery and Validation Cohort.
Table 2.
Significant Proteins Differentially Expressed in AECOPD Compared to the Convalescent State.
Abbreviations: FDR—false discovery rate; AECOPD—acute exacerbations of COPD
Table 3.
Biomarker Score Intercept and Specific Protein Weights.
Fig 2.
Biomarker Scores Comparing AECOPD to Non-AECOPD States.
Biomarker scores for Cohorts A, B, and C are shown as box-and-whisker plots. Biomarker scores were significantly elevated during the time of AECOPD (red) but fell during the convalescent phase (yellow) (Wilcoxon rank sum p-value <0.001 for Cohorts A, B, and C). The convalescent phase scores for Cohorts A, B, and C showed no statistically significant differences.