Fig 1.
Chemical structure of chlorantraniliprole.
Table 1.
Effect of surfactants on the particle size and dispersibility of the chlorantraniliprole nanosuspensions.
Table 2.
Effect of the ratio of MRESa to polycarboxylate on the particle size and dispersibility of the chlorantraniliprole nanosuspensionsb.
Fig 2.
The particle size and dispersibility of the nanosuspensions containing 5% (w/w) chlorantraniliprole with different surfactant-to-pesticide ratios.
D90: particle size expressed by the 90% diameter percentile; PDI: polydispersity index. Different letters at each data indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
Fig 3.
The particle size and dispersibility of the nanosuspensions containing 5% (w/w) chlorantraniliprole prepared in (a) variable pressure mode and (b) constant pressure mode.
D90: particle size expressed by the 90% diameter percentile; PDI: polydispersity index. Different letters at each data indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
Fig 4.
The particle size and dispersibility of five chlorantraniliprole solid nanodispersions with different pesticide contents.
D90: particle size expressed by the 90% diameter percentile; PDI: polydispersity index. Different letters at each data indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
Fig 5.
The size and morphology of the chlorantraniliprole nanoparticles. (a) Particle size measured by DLS; (b) SEM image with magnification of 15000; (c) TEM image with magnification of 25000.
Size (d. nm): diameter size of the nanoparticles.
Fig 6.
XRD patterns of the chlorantraniliprole solid nanodispersion and pure components in the formulation.
MRES: maleic rosin-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate.
Table 3.
The retention of the chlorantraniliprole solid nanodispersion on rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves.
Fig 7.
Stability of the chlorantraniliprole solid nanodispersion at (a) 54°C and (b) 25°C.
D90: particle size expressed by the 90% diameter percentile; PDI: polydispersity index. Different letters at each data indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
Table 4.
Bioassay results of three chlorantraniliprole formulations.