Table 1.
List of species used in the study, with collection reference number, accession number of the sequences stored in the Genbank, revised species name, and geographical origin.
Fig 1.
COI M1-M6, BI phylogeny of Tetillidae, which was congruent with ML tree.
Species names are followed by their accession numbers (sequences downloaded from Genbank) or the specimen reference. Individuals sequenced in this study are in bold. Only supporting values higher than 70% (ML bootstrap, between parentheses on the left) or 0.75 (BI posterior probability) are represented on the tree nodes.
Fig 2.
COI I3-M11 BI phylogeny of the Antarctic individuals of Tetillidae, which was congruent with ML tree, showing no clear separation between Cinachyra and Antarctotetilla.
Bootstrapping and posterior probability (ML and BI, respectively) values are represented on the node of the only resulting clade. Individuals sequenced in the current study are indicated in bold.
Fig 3.
18S rRNA BI phylogeny of Tetillidae, which was congruent with ML tree.
Species names are followed by the accession numbers (sequences downloaded from Genbank) or the specimen reference. Individuals sequenced in this study are in bold). Only supporting values higher than 70% (ML bootstrap, between parentheses on the left) or 0.75 (BI posterior probability) are represented on the tree nodes.
Fig 4.
28S (D3-D5) BI and ML phylogeny of the Antarctic individuals of Tetillidae, which was congruent with ML tree, showing no species differences within the genera Cinachyra and Antarctotetilla.
Species names are followed by the accession numbers (sequences downloaded from Genbank) or the specimen reference. Individuals sequenced in this study are in bold. Only supporting values higher than 70% (ML bootstrap, between parentheses on the left) or 0.75 (BI posterior probability) are represented on the tree nodes.
Fig 5.
18S rRNA–COI M1-M6 concatenate BI phylogeny of Tetillidae, which was congruent with ML tree.
Species names are followed by the accession numbers (sequences downloaded from Genebank) or the specimen reference. Individuals sequenced in this study are in bold. Only supporting values higher than 70% (ML bootstrap, between parentheses on the left) or 0.75 (BI posterior probability) are represented on the tree nodes.
Fig 6.
Pictures of the species of Tetillidae studied.
A) Cinachyra barbata from Newmayer (Antarctica) arrows point to the porocalices. B) Transversal section of C. barbata: arrows point to the cortex and one porocalyx. C) Underwater picture of Cinachyra antarctica from McMurdo, (Antarctica). D) Transversal section of C. antarctica: arrows point to the collagenous cortex. E) Antarctotetilla leptoderma from South Georgia: arrows point to the unique osculum on top. F) Transversal section of A. leptoderma: arrows point to the dense ectosomal layer (pseudocortex). G) Antarctotetilla grandis from Newmayer, Antarctica: arrows point to the multiple oscula. H) Transversal section of A. grandis: arrows point to the slightly marked ectosomal layer. All the pictures are by the authors.
Fig 7.
Pictures of the species of Tetillidae studied.
A) Tetillidae ANT 27211 from Newmayer, Antarctica: arrows point to the hair-like hispidation pattern formed by bundles of fusiform oxeas, protriaenes and sometimes anatriaenes. B) Transversal section of Tetillidae ANT 27211: arrows point to the ectosomal layer. C) Antarctotetilla sagitta from Adélie Land: arrows point to the oscula; inset: detail of the even surface around the oscula. D) Transversal section of A. sagitta: arrows point to the ectosomal layer. E) Surface of A. sagitta: arrows point to the pores clustered in sieve-like areas; inset: T. sagitta pores in sieves by Kirkpatrick (1908). F) Craniella sagitta NIWA 28491 from New Zealand. G) cf. Fangophilina sp. NIWA 28601 from New Zealand: arrows point to the osculum. H) Lectotype of Fangophilina submersa MZSPO 160 from Northern Gulf of Mexico: arrow points to the porocalyx. All the pictures are by the authors except figures G, which were courtesy of Sadie Mills.
Fig 8.
Pictures of the species of Tetillidae studied.
A) Craniella sp. QMG 316342 from Australia: arrows point to the porocalices. B) Craniella cf. cranium ZMBN 85240 from Norway. C) Transversal section of Craniella cf. cranium ZMBN 85240: arrow points to the double-layered cortex. D) Holotype of Tetilla euplocamos MZSPO 206 from Brazil. E) Paratype of Tetilla muricyi UFBA 2569 from Brazil. F) Transversal section of the paratype of T. muricyi UFBA 2569. G) Levantinella levantinensis from Lebanon. H) Transversal section of L. levantinensis: arrows point to the dense ectosomal region formed by sediment accumulation. All the pictures are by the authors except figures A, and D, which were courtesy of John Hooper, and Marie Meister, respectively.
Fig 9.
Thick sections of Tetillidae species showing differences in the ectosome or cortex structures.
A) Antarctotetilla leptoderma from Adélie Land, Antarctica, MNHN IP-2009-544a. B) A. leptoderma, close-up of C. C) Antarctotetilla sagitta from Adélie Land, Antarctica, MNHN IP-2009-31. D) Craniella aff. zetlandica from Korsfjord, Norway, ZMBN 85239. E) Levantinella levantinensis from Israel, PC 705. F) Cinachyrella alloclada from Bocas del Toro, Panama, ZMBN 81788. G) Cinachyra barbata from Adélie Land, Antarctica, MNHN IP-2009-387. H) Cinachyra antarctica from Adélie Land, Antarctica, MNHN IP-2009-328.
Fig 10.
A) Phylogram of one of the most parsimonious trees on morphological characters plus the several zones identified for the V4 region of 18S secondary structure–SSRs–(numbered and encircled). Characters that represent either synapomorphies or apomorphies are depicted in the tree. The supporting bootstrap values of clades resulting from the Majority-rule consensus tree are also indicated. B) legends to character drawings on the tree.
Fig 11.
Distribution of the Tetillidae species analysed in this study overlying a temperature map in South hemisphere winter (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group; (2014): Sea-viewing AQUA MODIS Sea Surface Temperature, August 2013.
NASA OB.DAAC. http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3. Accessed on: 2015/04/29). White points represent exact sampling locations. Cr. = Craniella; Ci. = Cinachyrella; L. = Levantinella; Fango. = Fangophilina; A. = Acanthotetilla; T. = Tetilla; Amp. = Amphitethya; P = Paratetilla; Cin. = Cinachyra; Ant. = Antarctotetilla.
Fig 12.
Tetillidae grounds on the Antarctic bottoms.
Black arrows point to Antarctotetilla grandis. White arrows indicate Cynachyra spp. Red arrow points to Tetillidae sp3.