Fig 1.
Map of relative vineyard and winery locations.
The vineyard blocks and distances are drawn to scale.
Table 1.
Microsatellite loci used in this study, selected from Richards et al. 2009.
Fig 2.
Venn diagrams of MLG distribution by vintage and location.
Red numbers, commercial MLGs; blue numbers, commercial related MLGs; black numbers, unique MLGs. a) Venn diagram of strain distribution by vintage. b) Venn diagram of MLG distribution between vineyard and winery locations. Venn diagrams adjacent to the main diagram display the MLG distribution for each location by vintage.
Table 2.
Chi-square test of independence between OG vineyard/winery and type of S. cerevisiae MLG.
Table 3.
Proportional abundance (%) of commercial and commercial-related MLGs in late-stage fermentations from the winery and OG vineyard.
Fig 3.
MLG type frequency charts for 2013 and 2014 winery and OG vineyard fermentations.
Columns labeled WIN represent winery fermentations; columns labeled OG represent OG vineyard fermentations. Each 3-column cluster represents a single fermentation out of triplicate fermentations (numbered 1, 2, 3). The colors in each column [red, commercial (C); blue, commercial-related (CR); green, unique (U)] represent the frequencies of MLG types at a fermentation stage (E, early; M, mid; L, late). The early timepoint of the second winery replicate in 2013 was omitted as <10 isolates were collected.
Table 4.
Pairwise fixation index (FST) values for S. cerevisiae populations at different stages of fermentation.
Table 5.
Summary of population information for winery and vineyard S. cerevisiae populations.
Table 6.
Pairwise FST values for S. cerevisiae populations from different locations, with and without commercial and commercial-related genotypes.
Fig 4.
DISTRUCT plots of inferred ancestry profiles from vineyard and winery S. cerevisiae populations.
Each column represents an ancestry profile for an individual MLG. Each colour corresponds to a subpopulation/cluster. The scale of each colour in an ancestry profile represents the proportion (membership coefficient) of the individual’s ancestry profile assigned to that cluster, as measured on the y-axis of each plot. The legend indicates the subpopulation/cluster number and colour. An ancestry profile for each commercial and commercial-related MLG in the dataset is noted in the legend. Subpopulations containing commercial MLGs with membership coefficients >80% are labelled with the strain name in parentheses, unique subpopulations with SBV in parentheses.
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic network of database commercial yeast and unique vineyard/winery MLGs.
An unrooted phylogenetic network computed from a Bruvo Distance matrix using the Neighbor-Net method [59] and drawn to scale. Unique strains are labelled “SBV” followed by a unique number. Commercial strains are in red. Isolates with > 80% membership in one of three unique subpopulations (K6-K8) are colored by cluster as in Fig 4.