Fig 1.
Phenotypic frequency densities without (top) and with (bottom) preparedness.
Density plot for the phenotypic frequency at the end-point (time step 50000) for the different strategies over 100 simulation runs. Solid lines: Danger > 0. Dotted lines: Danger = 0. Blue = Asocial learning (O0,T0), yellow = observational learning (O1,T0), red = parental learning (O0,T1), orange = advanced social learning (O1,T1).
Fig 2.
Example evolutionary dynamics without (top) and with (bottom) preparedness.
Blue = Asocial learning (O0, T0), yellow = observational learning (O1,T0), red = parental learning (O0,T1), orange = advanced social learning (O1,T1). Danger = 7, Pchange = 0.05.
Fig 3.
Preparedness as a function of environmental danger.
Average max and minimum values of the preparedness vector regulating innate approach/avoidance tendencies averaged over all levels of Pchange. The means are derived from averaging time-step 25000–50000 for 100 repeats of each simulation. The standard errors are calculated across the 100 runs.
Fig 4.
Tradeoff between foraging efficiency and safety.
Black = no preparedness, gray = with preparedness. The means are derived from averaging time-step 25000–50000 for 100 repeats of each simulation. The standard errors are calculated across the 100 runs.
Fig 5.
The differential foraging efficiency of pure learning strategies as a function of danger.
Positive differential foraging efficiency indicates that foraging efficiency was greater with than without preparedness. Blue = Asocial learning (O0,T0), yellow = observational learning (O1,T0), red = parental learning (O0,T1), orange = advanced social learning (O1,T1). The means are derived from averaging time-step 25000–50000 for 10 repeats of each simulation. The standard errors are calculated across the 10 runs.
Fig 6.
Phenotypic frequency densities with evolutionary novel dangers. Without (top) and with (bottom) preparedness.
Density plot for the phenotypic frequency at the end-point (time step 50000) for the different strategies over 10 simulation runs. Solid lines: Danger > 0. Dotted lines: Danger = 0. Blue = Asocial learning (O0,T0), yellow = observational learning (O1,T0), red = parental learning (O0,T1), orange = advanced social learning (O1,T1).