Fig 1.
Schematic drawing of the proposed system.
Fig 2.
Wind speed in Saudi Arabia at the height of 100 m.
Fig 3.
Global horizontal radiation in Saudi Arabia.
Fig 4.
The hourly load demand.
Table 1.
The technical characteristics of the WT under study.
Table 2.
The economic and technical parameters of the HRES components.
Fig 5.
The process of the PSO algorithm.
Fig 6.
The first optimization iteration of the optimum case.
Fig 7.
The last optimization iteration of the optimum case.
Table 3.
The comparison results of IOT and NPPBPSO.
Fig 8.
Hourly wind speed for Yanbu site.
Fig 9.
Hourly solar radiation on optimum tilt angle surface for Yanbu site.
Fig 10.
The convergence process of the PSO algorithm for 4 autonomous runs.
Fig 11.
The convergence process of the IOT.
Fig 12.
The comparison results of SIPSO and PIPSO.
Fig 13.
A comparison between full load performance and load shifting performance of HRES with penetration ratio.
Fig 14.
Sensitivity analysis for DG performance with load shifting rate.