Fig 1.
Example of Fr 2 (A); Fr 3 (B) and Fr 4 (C) chromatograms. Peaks: (1) ascorbic acid; (2) catechin; (3) rutin; (4) quercetin; (5) myricetin; (6) caffeic acid; (7) coumaric acid; (8) syringic acid; (9) gallic acid; (10) vanillic acid; (11) protocatechuic acid; (12) ellagic acid.
Table 1.
Chemical formula, concentration and total antioxidant capacity of the different extract fractions.
Fig 2.
Caco-2 cells (PD7) cell growth (%) treated with different concentrations (0–62.5-125-250-500-1000 mg/L) of Fr 1: total extract (A), Fr 2: vit. C (B), Fr 3; neutral polyphenols (C) and Fr 4: acid polyphenols or flavonoids (D) from rosehip (Rosa canina L) after 72 h. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in six repetitions. *p <0.05 compared with control (without treatment).
Fig 3.
Caco-2 cells (TC7) cell growth (%) treated with different concentrations (0–62.5-125-250-500-1000 mg/L) of Fr 1: total extract (A), Fr 2: vit. C (B), Fr 3; neutral polyphenols (C) and Fr 4: acid polyphenols or flavonoids (D) from rosehip (Rosa canina L) after 72 h. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in six repetitions. *p < 0.05 compared with control (without treatment).
Fig 4.
Quantitative flow cytometry analyses using propidium (PI) uptake and annexin V staining in PD7 (A) and TC7 (B) colon cancer cells treated with two concentrations (a: 125 and b: 1000 mg/L) of 1 (Fr 1: total extract), 2 (Fr 2: vit. C), 3 (Fr 3: neutral polyphenols) and 4 (Fr 4: acid polyphenols or flavonoids) from rosehip (Rosa canina L) after 72 h. In control (C), the cells are without treatment. Experiments were performed in triplicate.
Table 2.
Summary of PD7 and TC7 colon cancer cells treated with two concentrations (a: 125 and b: 1000 mg/L) of rosehip (Rosa canina L) fractions after 72 h.
In control, the cells are without treatment.
Fig 5.
Cell-cycle analysis after treatment with two concentrations (a: 125 and b: 1000 mg/L) of Fr 1: total extract (1), Fr 2: vit. C (2), Fr 3: neutral polyphenols (3) and Fr 4: acid polyphenols or flavonoids (4) from rosehip (Rosa canina L) after 72 h. In control (C), the cells are without treatment. Cell cycle and DNA fragmentation were determined by propidium iodide staining. Percentages of G1, S and G2-phase are shown when possible. Experiments were performed in triplicate.
Fig 6.
Effect of plant fractions (1–4) on the generation of ROS in Caco-2 cells: (A: PD7 and B: TC7) at 125 and 1000 mg/L for 72 h treatment. % ROS production compared to the cells treated for 20 min with 20 mM H2O2 (positive control, H2O2). Negative control (without H2O2, control). Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in six repetitions. *p < 0.05 compared with negative control (without H2O2).