Fig 1.
Forest transition and ES transition frameworks.
Fig 2.
Simplified model of ES transition in the upper part of the Reventazón watershed as suggested by existing literature and databases.
Fig 3.
Location of the study site in Costa Rica.
Table 1.
Spatial data used to assess ES or to present the results of ES assessments.
Fig 4.
Land-cover changes between 1986 and 2008 in the study site (data from [62]).
The gray area in the center of the map represents the Angostura reservoir built between 1996 and 2001. Numbers identify the 13 sub-watersheds.
Fig 5.
Changes of forest area from 1986 to 2008.
(a) In the whole area; (b) in each the 13 sub-watersheds; (c) location of sub-watersheds in the three groups defined by large increase in forest area (in more than 3% of the area, n = 2), moderate increase (n = 8) and decrease or no change (n = 3).
Fig 6.
Changes of ecosystem services from 1986 to 2008.
(a) Mean changes in the levels of the six selected ES. (A: agricultural production, C: carbon, N: nitrogen retention, P: phosphorus retention, S: sediment retention, W: water yield); (b) location of sub-watersheds in the three clusters defined by ES changes: (1) “Weak tradeoffs: more food, less carbon and water” (n = 3); (2) “Weak tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 8); (3) “Strong tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 2); (c-e): changes in ES levels in the three clusters of sub-watersheds (lines represent the median values of the group elements, ribbons represent the interquartile range).