Fig 1.
Type locality for Carnufex carolinensis.
General location of the type locality for NCSM 21558, NCSM locality NCPALEO1902 (blue star) within the Triassic basins of the Newark Supergroup (black) in the state of North Carolina.
Fig 2.
Skeletal reconstruction of Carnufex carolinensis.
(A) Reconstruction of the skull of Carnufex carolinensis with preserved portions in white and inferred portions in gray. (B) Full body silhouette with preserved elements of NCSM 21558 highlighted. Abbreviations: a, angular; ar, articular; cv, cervical vertebra; d, dentary; dv, dorsal vertebra f, frontal; h, humerus; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; l., left; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pm; premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r., right; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal.
Fig 3.
Premaxilla of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), right premaxilla in (A), (B), (C), lateral and (D), (E), (F), medial views. (A), (D), stipple drawing, (B), (E), photograph, and (C), (F), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: en, external naris; fo, fossa; for, foramen; g, groove; m pr, maxillary process; no, notch; n pr, narial process; orn, ornamentation; pal pr, palatal process; rt, replacement tooth; t, tooth. Alveoli numbered from anterior to posterior. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 4.
Maxilla of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), left maxilla in (A), (B), (C), lateral, (D), ventral, (E), dorsal (posterior process), and (F), (G), (H), medial views. (A), (H), stipple drawing, (B), (D), (E), (F), photograph, and (C), (G), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: a., articulation with; aof, antorbital fenestra; aofo, antorbital fossa; dg, dental groove; g, groove; idp, interdental plates; j, jugal; lam, lamina; n, nasal; pal, palatine; r, ridge; t, tooth. Alveoli numbered from anterior to posterior. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 5.
Lacrimal of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), left lacrimal in (A), (B), (C), lateral, (D), dorsal, and (E), (F), (G), medial views. (A), (E), stipple drawing, (B), (D), (F), photograph, and, (C), (G), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: a., articulation with; aof, antorbital fenestra; aofo, antorbital fossa; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nlc, nasolacrimal canal; o, orbit; orn, ornamentation; png, prong; r, ridge; w, wedge. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 6.
Jugal of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), left jugal in (A), (B), (C), lateral, (D), ventral, and (E), (F), (G), medial views. (A), (G), stipple drawing, (B), (D), (E), photograph, and (C), (F), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: a., articulation with; ec, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; itf, infratemporal fenestra; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; o, orbit; orn, ornamentation; pdp, posterodorsal process; po, postorbital. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 7.
Angular of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), right angular in (A), (B), (C), lateral, (D), ventral, and (E), (F), (G), medial views. (A), (E), stipple drawing, (B), (D), (F), photograph, and (C), (G), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: a., articulation with; d, dentary; Mc, Meckelian canal; mf, mandibular fenestra; mPTv, insertion site of the m. pterygoideus ventralis; orn, ornamentation; pre, prearticular; sp, splenial; su; surangular. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 8.
Articular of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), left articular in (A), (B), (C), dorsal, (D), (E), (F), lateral, (G), (H), (I), medial, (J), (K), (L), ventral, and (M), (N), (O), posterior views. (A), (D), (G), (J), (M), stipple drawing, (B), (E), (H), (K), (N), photograph, and (C), (F), (I), (L), (O), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: a., articulation with; ap, ascending process; for, foramen; g, groove; gl, glenoid; mDM, insertion site of the m. depressor mandibulae; mp, medial process; su, surangular; vr, ventral ridge. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 9.
Dentition of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), dentition. Maxillary tooth in (A), lateral and (B), distal views. (C), In situ premaxillary teeth in lingual view.
Fig 10.
Atlas and Ribs of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype). Atlas intercentrum in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. (E), Cervical rib fragment; (F), Partial rib shaft; (G), gastralium. Arrow denotes anterior direction.
Fig 11.
Cervical vertebra of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), cervical neural arch in (A), (B), (C), anterior, (D), (E), (F), posterior, (G), (H), (I), left lateral, and (J), (K), (L), ventral views. (A), (D), (G), (J), stipple drawing, (B), (E), (H), (K), photograph, and (D), (F), (I), (L), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: bf, bone fragments; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; ped, pedicle; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. See text for lamina abbreviations.
Fig 12.
Dorsal vertebra of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558 (holotype), dorsal neural arch in (A), (B), (C), anterior, (D), (E), (F), posterior, (G), (H), (I), left lateral, and (J), (K), (L), ventral views. (A), (D), (G), (J), stipple drawing, (B), (E), (H), (K), photograph, and (D), (F), (I), (L), 3D surface scan rendering. Abbreviations: bp, bone pathology; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; ped, pedicle; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. See text for lamina/fossa abbreviations.
Fig 13.
Humerus of Carnufex carolinensis.
NCSM 21558, right humerus in (A), (B), (C), anterior view; (D), (E), (F), posterior view. (A), (D), stipple drawing, (B), (E), photograph, and (C), (F), 3D surface scan rendering. (G) Close-up photograph of ectepicondylar region in NCSM 21558. Left humerus (NCSM 21623, referred) in (H), anterior and (I), posterior view. Abbreviations: cr, crest; dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecg; ectepicondylar groove; snp, supinator process.
Fig 14.
Phylogenetic relationships of Carnufex carolinensis within Paracrocodylomorpha.
Strict consensus of 60 MPTs (TL 654, 41 taxa, 251 characters) with Bremer support values (A) compared with the corresponding portion of the tree produced by Nesbitt (2011) (B). Gray denotes outgroup assigned in present analysis. Circles = node-based phylogenetic definition; lines = stem-based phylogenetic definition. HT = holotype.