Fig 1.
Specimens’ details, (a) Side view of C-shaped angle connectors (MV specimens), (b) Side view of L-shaped angle connectors (MH specimens), (c) Top view.
Table 1.
Properties of specimens.
Fig 2.
Model of push-out test specimen (a) A quarter of push-out test specimen & (b) Full view of push-out test specimen.
Fig 3.
Finite element type and mesh.
Fig 4.
Contact interaction and constraint conditions surfaces.
A, Surfaces in contact interaction between angle and concrete. B, Surfaces in contact interaction between steel flange and concrete. C, Surfaces in tie constraint between steel flange and angle. D, Surfaces in contact interaction between rigid base and concrete. E, Rebar embedded in concrete slab.
Fig 5.
Boundary conditions and loading surface.
A, Y-axis symmetric boundary condition. B, X-axis symmetric boundary condition. C, Rigid base boundary condition and loading surface on top.
Fig 6.
Uniaxial stress-strain curve of concrete EC2 [17].
Fig 7.
Un-axial stress-strain curve for 30 MPa concrete.
Fig 8.
Stress-strain curve of tensile behaviour of concrete [15].
Fig 9.
Linear (ABAQUS manual)(a), Bilinear [19] (b) and exponential [20] tension softening model [15] (c).
Fig 10.
Tensile stress versus cracking displacement curve.
Fig 11.
Tensile damage parameter versus cracking displacement.
Fig 12.
Uniaxial stress-strain curve for steel.
Table 2.
Steel properties.
Fig 13.
Comparison of experimental results and finite element simulation for C-shaped angle connectors.
Concrete f’c = 29.45,22.43,31.07,25.42MPa (from top left clockwise).
Fig 14.
Comparison of the shear strength capacities of C-shaped angle connectors obtained from FE analyses and experiments.
Fig 15.
Comparison of experimental results and finite element simulation for L-shaped angle connectors.
Concrete f’c = 29.25,29.5,27.92,24.97MPa (from top left clockwise).
Fig 16.
Comparison of the shear strength capacities of L-shaped angle connectors obtained from FE analysis and experimental.
Fig 17.
Comparison of parametric analysis of experimental result and finite element simulation for MV60×10.
Fig 18.
Stress distribution calculating from ABAQUS analysis for one of C-shaped and L-shaped angle connector.
Fig 19.
Stress contour of C-shaped and L-shaped angle shear connectors.
Fig 20.
Comparison of concrete damage in FE analyses and the push-out tests.
Table 3.
Result of finite element analyses for C-shaped angle connectors.