Fig 1.
Engineering drawing of the bi-leaflet valve (GV valve) with the replica of the GD valve prototype.
All dimensions in mm.
Fig 2.
Schematic of experimental set up configured for particle image velocimetry. Arrows denote flow direction.
Fig 3.
Samples of mitral waveforms observed.
(a) A mitral flow waveform sample observed in the Epic Valve experiment. (b) A mitral flow waveform sample observed in the GD Valve experiment. (c) A LV pressure waveform sample observed in the Epic and GD valve experiment.
Table 1.
Summary of physiological parameters during PIV.
Fig 4.
(a) Velocity field [ms-1] of the Epic valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (b) Velocity field [ms-1] of the GD bileaflet valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV.
Fig 5.
(a) MKE [Jm-3] contour plot of the Epic valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (b) MKE [Jm-3] contour plot of the GD valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (c) A comparison of the average MKE [Jm-3] values in the left ventricle between EV and GD valves over 7 time points in 1 cardiac cycle. Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline.
Fig 6.
Vorticity and Circulation plots.
(a) Net vorticity [s-1] contour plot of the Epic valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (b) Net vorticity [s-1] contour plot of the bileaflet GD valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (c) Total circulation in the left ventricle for both valves over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline. (d) Normalized vorticity in the left ventricle for both valves over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline. (e) Clockwise vorticity in the left ventricle for both valves over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline. (f) Clockwise circulation in the left ventricle for both valves over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline.
Fig 7.
(a) RSS [Pa] contour plot of the Epic valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (b) RSS [Pa] contour plot of the bileaflet GD valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV.
Fig 8.
(a) TKE [m2s-2] contour plot of the Epic valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV. (b) TKE [m2s-2] contour plot of the bileaflet GD valve in the left ventricle over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle. Shaded area denotes area of interest measured by PIV.
Fig 9.
Left ventricular turbulence intensity for both valves over 7 time steps in 1 cardiac cycle.
Poly—refers to fitted values by polyline.