Table 1.
Clinical and virological characteristics of the patients and controls.
Fig 1.
Expression of type I, II and III interferons in nasopharyngeal aspirates from controls or children infected with hMPV genotype A2 or B2.
Relative levels of A) IFN-β (type I) B) IFN-γ (type II) and C) IL-28 (type III) mRNA expression. Data was plotted as box-plots where the box represents 50% of the values, the horizontal line indicates the median, whiskers show the maximum and minimum values, and the closed circles indicate outliers. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test).
Fig 2.
Expression of inflammasome-associated genes in nasopharyngeal aspirates from controls or children infected with hMPV genotype A2 or B2.
Relative levels of A) IκBα, B) IL-1β, C) IL-18 and D) NLRP3 mRNA expression. Data was plotted as box-plots where the box represents 50% of the values, the horizontal line indicates the median, whiskers show the maximum and minimum values, and the closed circles indicate outliers. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test).
Fig 3.
Individual variation in the expression of inflammasome-associated genes in hMPV infected children.
Relative levels of A) IκBα, B) IL-1β and C) NLRP3 mRNA expression relative to the controls. The median level of expression for the controls is indicated with the dotted line. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test).
Fig 4.
Expression of pro-inflammatory genes in nasopharyngeal aspirates from controls or children infected with hMPV genotype A2 or B2.
Relative levels of A) IP-10, B) TNF-α, C) IL-6 and D) ISG54 mRNA expression. Data was plotted as box-plots where the box represents 50% of the values, the horizontal line indicates the median, whiskers show the maximum and minimum values, and the closed circles indicate outliers. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test).
Table 2.
Fraction with significantly up-regulated genes at mRNA level in children with severity score 1–4 compared to children with severity score 0.
Fig 5.
Levels of protein in blood serum collected from controls or children infected with hMPV genotype A2 or B2.
Concentration of the A) Type I, II and III interferons IFN-β, IL-28 and IL-1β, respectively, B) Inflammasome-associated genes IL-1β and IL-18, C) Chemokines IP-10, Gro-α and Gro-β, and D) Pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α and IL-6. Data was plotted as box-plots where the box represents 50% of the values, the horizontal line indicates the median, whiskers show the maximum and minimum values, and the closed circles indicate outliers. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test). N.d. not detected.