Fig 1.
The schematic appearance of the PBBR (A), a detailed description of the reactor and secondary settler (B), and an image of laboratory scale system (C) [20]
Table 1.
Details of Packed Bed Bioreactor and carrier media.
Table 2.
Variation of strength of composite heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu).
Table 3.
Heavy metal reduction for different fill ratio percentages of media.
Fig 2.
Heavy metal removal for different inlet and outlet concentrations.
(a) Zn, (b) Ni, (c) Cd, (d) Cu.
Fig 3.
Average COD values at different composite heavy metal concentrations.
Table 4.
Experimental conditions at different hydraulic loadings.
Fig 4.
Heavy metal distribution in particulate and dissolved forms in different stages in the PBBR system.
(a) Distribution of Cd in different treatment stages (b) Distribution of Ni in different treatment stages. (c) Distribution of Cu in different treatment stages (d) Distribution of Zn in different treatment stages.