Fig 1.
The structures of DMG-Na (Fig 1A), DPPH (Fig 1B), ABTS + (Fig 1C), and H2O2 (Fig 1D). Radical scavenging effects of DMG-Na and Trolox at 10–80 mg/ml.
In panels 1B, 1C, and 1D, the values of the Trolox group is set to 100%. Values of DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging ability, and H2O2 scavenging ability are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. 1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazy (DPPH); 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonate) (ABTS+).
Table 1.
Primer sequences used for Real-time PCR assay.
Table 2.
Effects of DMG-Na on mice growth performance and organ proportion1.
Fig 2.
Effects of DMG-Na on ALT (A) and AST (B) activities in mice serum.
Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). CON, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-1, gastric intubation in mice with 9 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-2, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-3, gastric intubation in mice with 15 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution.
Table 3.
Effects of DMG-Na on antioxidant system in mice serum and liver 1.
Fig 3.
Effects of DMG-Na on MDA concentrations in mice serum (A) and liver (B).
Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Malondialdehyde (MDA). CON, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-1, gastric intubation in mice with 9 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-2, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution; D-3, gastric intubation in mice with 15 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution.
Fig 4.
Effects of DMG-Na on ALT (A) and AST (B) activities in LPS-injected mice serum.
Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). CS, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; CL, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day; DS, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; DL, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day.
Table 4.
Effects of DMG-Na on mitochondrial antioxidant system in LPS-injected mice liver 1.
Fig 5.
Effects of DMG-Na on mitochondrial MDA (A) and PC (B) concentrations in LPS-injected mice liver.
Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Malondialdehyde (MDA); Protein carbonyl. (PC). CS, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; CL, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day; DS, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; DL, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day.
Fig 6.
Effects of DMG-Na on ROS concentrations (A) and mitochondrial membrane potential (B) in LPS-injected mice liver.
In panels A and B, the value of CS group is set to 100%. Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Reactive oxygen species (ROS). CS, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; CL, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day; DS, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; DL, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day.
Fig 7.
Effects of DMG-Na on mRNA expression of antioxidant genes in LPS injected mice liver.
Values are mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Mean of a variable without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2); Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD); Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1); NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). CS, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; CL, gastric intubation in mice with 0 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day; DS, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of sterile saline solution at 29 day; DL, gastric intubation in mice with 12 mg DMG-Na/0.3 ml sterile saline solution for 28 days and intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS at 29 day.