Table 1.
Details about samples: Species, sites sampled, corresponding area, number of generations reared in the laboratory and number of individuals used in 454 sequencing.
Fig 1.
Distribution of OTUs (97% similarity) among the four host species.
Table 2.
Bacterial diversity indexes: Richness and diversity indexes associated with each sample and replicate.
‘Western’, ‘central’ and ‘eastern’ populations refer respectively to the Finistère, Côtes d’Armor and Ille & Vilaine regions of Brittany. Coverage = estimated percentage of (Chao 1) richness identified.
Table 3.
Abundance of bacterial taxa from each samples: Abundance of dominant species in our dataset based on 97% similarity OTU assignments.
‘Western’, ‘central’ and ‘eastern’ populations refer respectively to Finistère, Côtes d’Armor and Ille & Vilaine regions of Brittany. Numbers indicate the number of reads associated to each genus. Known heritable symbionts are marked by an asterisk (results of both PCR replicates are pooled).
Fig 2.
Relationship between bacterial communities via UniFrac distances.
(A): Hierarchical clustering of weighted pairwise UniFrac distances between microbial communities of the different samples based on their distribution of bacterial 16S rDNA gene sequences (v4-v5 region). (B): Principal coordinates plot (PCoA) generated using weighted UniFrac distances between the bacterial communities for each sample analysed. Different shapes represent species: inverted triangle = D. radicum, upright triangle = T. rapae, square = A. bipustulata, circle = A. bilineata. Colours represent sampling zones: white = western, grey = eastern, black = central (for A. bilineata only). Two technical replicates are used, but with the exception of eastern D. radicum they are so similar as to appear superposed on the graph.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood tree of Wolbachia spp. obtained from the 16S V4-V5 fragment.
Information is presented in the following order: bacteria name; host name in brackets (when available); OTU number for Delia radicum, Aleochara bilineata, Aleochara bipustulata and Trybliographa rapae. Bootstrap values (≥60; black) are given for each branch. Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site. Capital letters A to M refer to Wolbachia ‘supergroups’.
Fig 4.
Maximum likelihood tree of Rickettsia spp. obtained from the 16S V4-V5 fragment.
Information is presented in the following order: bacteria name; host name in brackets (when available); OTU number for Aleochara bilineata and Trybliographa rapae. Bootstrap values (≥60; black) are given for each branch. Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site.
Fig 5.
Maximum likelihood tree of Spiroplasma spp. obtained from the 16S V4-V5 fragment.
Information is presented in the following order: bacteria name; host name in brackets (when available); OTU number for Delia radicum, Aleochara bilineata, Aleochara bipustulata and Trybliographa rapae. Bootstrap values (≥60; black) are given for each branch. Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site. Roman letters indicate serological groups.
Fig 6.
Maximum likelihood tree of Wolbachia spp. obtained from 16S V4-V5, 16S wspec and fbpA fragments.
The Wolbachia hosts and the supergroup of the Wolbachia (when available) are indicated. Bootstrap values are given for each branch. Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site.